BI 231 Lecture And Lab > Midterm Checklist > Flashcards

Midterm Checklist Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the hierarchy levels in anatomy?

A
  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ systems
  • Organism

These levels represent the organization of living organisms from the simplest to the most complex.

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2
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

It involves mechanisms like positive and negative feedback.

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3
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

A standard position of the body used as a reference point

In this position, the body stands upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

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4
Q

List the directional terms used in anatomy.

A
  • Superior
  • Inferior
  • Anterior
  • Posterior
  • Medial
  • Lateral
  • Proximal
  • Distal

These terms describe the locations of structures in relation to each other.

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5
Q

What are the body planes?

A
  • Sagittal plane
  • Coronal (frontal) plane
  • Transverse (horizontal) plane

These planes are used to divide the body into sections for anatomical study.

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6
Q

Identify the body cavities.

A
  • Dorsal cavity (cranial cavity)
  • Ventral cavity (thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity)
  • Spinal cavity

The diaphragm separates the abdominopelvic cavity from the thoracic cavity.

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7
Q

What is the serous membrane in the ventral body cavity?

A
  • Parietal layer (wall)
  • Visceral layer (organ)

These layers surround organs and reduce friction between them.

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8
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The serous membrane surrounding the heart

It consists of an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer.

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9
Q

What is the pleura?

A

The serous membrane surrounding the lungs

It consists of two layers: parietal pleura (lining the thoracic cavity) and visceral pleura (covering the lungs).

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10
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The serous membrane surrounding the abdominal walls

It consists of a parietal layer lining the abdominal wall and a visceral layer covering the abdominal organs.

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11
Q

Consider the structure, function, and characteristics of tissues. Name one characteristic.

A

Avascularity

This refers to the lack of blood vessels in certain tissues, affecting their nutrient supply and healing.

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12
Q

What are the four types of tissue in the body?

A
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle
  • Epithelium
  • Nervous

This acronym is referred to as C-MEN.

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13
Q

Name the types of connective tissue.

A
  • Connective Tissue Proper
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood

Connective tissue is categorized into these main types.

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14
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A
  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular

Loose connective tissue provides support and elasticity.

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15
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A
  • Regular
  • Irregular
  • Elastic

Dense connective tissue provides strength and resistance to stretching.

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16
Q

What are the cell types found in connective tissue?

A
  • Fibroblast
  • Fibrocytes
  • WBC (White Blood Cells)
  • RBC (Red Blood Cells)
  • Platelets

These cells play various roles in the structure and function of connective tissue.

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17
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibro cartilage

Cartilage provides flexible support and cushioning in joints.

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18
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A
  • Compact
  • Spongy

Bone tissue provides structure and support to the body.

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19
Q

What are the cell types associated with bone?

A
  • Osteogenic cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteocytes
  • Osteoclasts

These cells are involved in the formation and maintenance of bone tissue.

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20
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth

Muscle tissue is responsible for movement in the body.

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21
Q

What are the cell shapes in epithelial tissue?

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar

Epithelial tissue is classified based on cell shape.

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22
Q

What are the types of stratified epithelial tissue?

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
  • Transitional

Stratified epithelium provides protection and is composed of multiple layers of cells.

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23
Q

What are the three types of membranes mentioned?

A
  • mucous
  • serous
  • cutaneous

These membranes serve different functions in the body.

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24
Q

Name the two main types of nervous system cells.

A
  • neurons
  • neuroglia

Neurons transmit signals, while neuroglia support and protect neurons.

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25
What are the **five layers** of the **epidermis** from deep to superficial?
* basale (stratum germinativa) * spinosum * granulosum * lucidum * corneum ## Footnote The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin.
26
What is the primary function of **keratinocytes** in the skin?
Production of **keratin** ## Footnote Keratin provides strength and waterproofing to the skin.
27
What role does **Vitamin D** play in relation to **keratinocytes**?
Produced when **UV rays** hit keratinocytes ## Footnote Vitamin D is essential for bone health.
28
What factors contribute to **skin color**?
* melanin * carotene * hemoglobin * albinism ## Footnote These factors influence pigmentation and appearance.
29
What are the two layers of the **dermis**?
* papillary (20%) * reticular (80%) ## Footnote The papillary layer contains dermal papillae, while the reticular layer is dense irregular connective tissue.
30
What type of **sweat gland** is most common and involved in body temperature regulation?
Eccrine sweat glands ## Footnote Eccrine glands are simple coiled tubular glands.
31
Where are **apocrine sweat glands** primarily located?
* axillary areas * anogenital areas ## Footnote These glands are associated with body odor.
32
What is the function of **arrector pili** muscles?
Cause **hair to stand up** ## Footnote These muscles are responsible for the 'goosebumps' response.
33
What is the primary component of **nails**?
Keratin ## Footnote Nails protect the tips of fingers and toes.
34
What is the function of **bone**?
* Support * Protection * Movement * Mineral storage * Hemopoiesis ## Footnote These functions are essential for maintaining the body's structure and overall health.
35
Name the **classification** types of bone.
* Long * Short * Flat * Irregular ## Footnote Each classification has distinct characteristics and examples.
36
What are the **tissue types** found in bone?
* Compact * Spongy ## Footnote These tissue types contribute to the overall structure and function of bones.
37
What is the **diaphysis** of long bones?
The diaphysis is the long central part of a long bone.
38
What does the **medullary cavity** contain?
Yellow marrow ## Footnote The medullary cavity is located within the diaphysis of long bones.
39
What are the two layers of the **periosteum**?
* Inner: Osteogenic * Outer: Fibrous ## Footnote The periosteum is a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones.
40
What are **Sharpey's fibers**?
Connective tissue fibers that attach the periosteum to the bone ## Footnote They help anchor the periosteum firmly to the bone surface.
41
What does the **epiphysis** of long bones contain?
Red marrow in the spaces of trabeculae ## Footnote The epiphysis is the end part of a long bone.
42
What type of cartilage is found in **articular cartilage**?
Hyaline ## Footnote Articular cartilage covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.
43
What is the **epiphyseal plate** and its zones?
Growth plate with zones: * Reserved cartilage * Proliferating cartilage * Hypertrophic cartilage * Ossification/calcification * Resorption ## Footnote The epiphyseal plate is crucial for bone growth in length.
44
What is the **Haversian system **?
Osteon ## Footnote The Haversian system is the fundamental functional unit of compact bone.
45
What is contained within the **Haversian canal**?
Blood vessels and nerves ## Footnote The Haversian canal runs through the center of each osteon.
46
What are **lacunae**?
Small spaces that contain osteocytes ## Footnote Lacunae are found within the matrix of bone tissue.
47
What are **canaliculi**?
Tiny channels that connect lacunae ## Footnote Canaliculi allow for communication and nutrient exchange between osteocytes.
48
What is the function of the **Volkmann canal**?
Connects Haversian canals to each other and to the periosteum ## Footnote Volkmann canals facilitate the passage of blood vessels and nerves.
49
What are the **types of lamellae** found in bone structure?
* Interstitial lamellae * Circumferential lamellae ## Footnote These lamellae are part of the compact bone structure.
50
What is **spongy bone** also known as?
Trabeculae ## Footnote Spongy bone is characterized by a porous structure that aids in reducing bone weight.
51
What are the **organic components** of bone?
* Structures * Functions ## Footnote Organic components include collagen fibers and other proteins that provide flexibility and tensile strength.
52
What are the **inorganic components** of bone?
* Structures- osteocytes, -blasts, -clasts, osteoid (organic matrix), collagen fibers, proteoglycans and glycoproteins * Functions- gives bone flexibility and tensile strength to resist twisting and stretching ## Footnote Inorganic components primarily include minerals like calcium phosphate that provide hardness.
53
What are the **steps of bone development**? (Direct and Indirect)
* Intramembranous - direct, embryonic fibers * Endochondral - indirect, hyaline cartilage ## Footnote These processes describe how bones form during development.
54
Name the **zones** involved in endochondral bone development.
* Zone of Reserved cartilage * Proliferating (growth) Zone * Hypertrophic Zone * Ossification-Calcification Zone * Resorption Zone ## Footnote These zones represent different stages of cartilage transformation into bone.
55
Which **hormones** are involved in bone development?
* Growth Hormone * Thyroid (T3, T4) * Sex hormones ## Footnote These hormones play crucial roles in regulating bone growth and metabolism.
56
What are some **vitamins and minerals** important for bone health?
* Calcium * Vitamin D * Phosphorus ## Footnote These nutrients are essential for maintaining bone density and strength.
57
What are examples of **homeostatic imbalances** related to bone health?
* Osteoporosis * Osteomalacia (adults) * Rickets (children) ## Footnote These conditions result from deficiencies or imbalances in bone metabolism.
58
What is the primary function of **articulations** in the skeletal system?
To secure bones ## Footnote Articulations also permit movement and are classified by their structure and function.
59
Articulations are classified by **material (structure)**. Name the types.
* CT * Fibrous * Cartilage * Synovial/fibrous membrane ## Footnote These classifications reflect the types of connective tissue involved in joint formation.
60
Articulations are classified by **movement (function)**. What does SAD stand for?
SAD ## Footnote This acronym typically refers to the types of movements allowed by different joints.
61
What are the **three types** of joints?
* Synarthroses * Amphiarthroses * Diarthroses ## Footnote These types categorize joints based on their movement capabilities.
62
What type of joint is characterized by **no cavity** and includes sutures?
Fibrous ## Footnote Examples include synarthroses (sutures), syndesmosis (amphiarthroses), and gomphoses (synarthroses).
63
What type of joint is characterized by **no cavity** and includes synchondroses?
Cartilaginous ## Footnote Examples include synchondroses and symphysis (amphiarthroses).
64
What type of joint has a **cavity**?
Synovial ## Footnote This type includes diarthroses and allows for a wide range of motion.
65
What are the components of a **synovial joint**?
* Articular cartilage * Synovial cavity * Synovial (articular) capsule (fibrous and synovial membrane) * Synovial fluid ## Footnote These components work together to facilitate joint movement and reduce friction.
66
What are the **associated structures** of synovial joints?
* Ligaments * Menisci * Bursae * Tendons * Tendon sheaths ## Footnote These structures support and stabilize the joint.
67
What is **weeping lubrication**?
A mechanism in synovial joints that helps maintain lubrication during movement ## Footnote It involves the movement of synovial fluid in and out of the articular cartilage.
68
What are the **types of joint movements**?
* Nonaxial * Uniaxial * Biaxial * Multiaxial ## Footnote These classifications describe the axes around which joints can move.
69
What are examples of **joint types** based on movement?
* Hinge * Pivot * Ball and socket ## Footnote These joints allow for specific types of movement.
70
What limits joint movement?
* Ligaments * Bone fit * Muscle tone ## Footnote These factors contribute to the stability and range of motion of joints.
71
What are the **angular movements** of joints?
* Flexion * Extension * Circumduction * Rotation ## Footnote These movements change the angle between body parts.
72
What are some **homeostatic imbalances** related to joints?
* Sprain * Strains * Dislocation * Herniated disc ## Footnote These conditions can affect joint function and mobility.
73
What are the types of **arthritis**?
* Osteoarthritis * Rheumatoid arthritis * Gouty arthritis ## Footnote These conditions involve inflammation and degeneration of joints.
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