lab values

Question 1

normal Ca lab range and importance

Answer 1

8.5-10.5
muscle contraction, neuronal transmission, blood clotting, and bone mineralization

Question 2

normal Mg lab range and importance

Answer 2

1.8-3
ATP synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA/RNA repair

Question 3

normal K lab range and importance

Answer 3

3.5-5
intracellular fluid balance, regulates heart function, and enables muscle contraction and nerve impulses

Question 4

normal P lab range and importance

Answer 4

2.5-4.5
bones and teeth, producing ATP for energy, and filtering waste in the kidneys

Question 5

hyperkalemia and hypercalcemia can both cuase

Answer 5

arrythmias

Question 6

hypercalcemia causes and s/s

Answer 6

neoplasm, hyperparathyroid, immobilization
s/s: confusion, anorexia, N&V, decrease LOC, ~constipation, kidney stone, bone pain, decreased DTR

Question 7

hypocalcemia causes and s/s

Answer 7

hypoparathyroid, pancreatitis, loop diuretics, renal failure
s/s: tingling, confusion, arrythmias
Chvostek, Trousseau, diarrhea
fracture, bleeding risk

Question 8

hypomagnesemia causes and s/s

Answer 8

alcoholism, GI suction, malabsorption
s/s: irritable, tetany, tremor, seizure, confusion, dysrhythmia (ST depression, T wave inversion), touraddes de point(^HR), nystagmus, diarrhea

Question 9

hypermagnesemia causes and s/s

Answer 9

cause: antacids or renal failure
s/s low RR/HR/BP, weakness, PR prolongation, constipation

Question 10

hypokalemia causes and s/s

Answer 10

caused by volume loss
s/s: N&V, weak, arrythmia, U waves
SBO RISK

Question 11

hyperkalemia causes and s/s

Answer 11

caused by renal failure, crush injury, burn
s/s depressed ST waves, Peak T waves, ^DTR, diarrhea, low BP/HR

Question 12

hypophosphorous cause and s/s

Answer 12

caused: malabsorption, increased renal secretion, low vit D, respiratory alkalosis
s/s hypoxia, low HR/RR, heart block, constipation, high BP, low DTR, kidney stones

Question 13

hyperphosphorous cause and s/s
inverse with?

Answer 13

cause: CKD
s/s: NS excite, confusion, seizure, irritable, diarrhea, Trousseau, Chovstek
fracture, bleeding risk

Question 14

hyponatremia cause and s/s
associated labs

Answer 14

cause: volume loss, diuretics, burns, excessive water intake, SIADH
s/s: muscle twitch, confusion, high HR, weak pulse, thirst, seizure
high BUN and hematocrit

Question 15

hypernatremia cause and s/s

Answer 15

cause: low water intake, near drown, Diabetes insipidus
s/s: thirst confusion, high HR, low BP, irritable
dry/swollen tongue, N/V, ^muscle tone
rosy, low fever, edema

Question 16

s/s metabolic acidosis

Answer 16

Kusmaul breathing
low HCO3
ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal failure, sepsis

Question 17

s/s respiratory acidosis

Answer 17

headache, confusion, slow breathing
high HCO3
COPD, asthma

Question 18

primary ions of the ECF

Answer 18

cation sodium
anion chloride

Question 19

primary ions in ICF

Answer 19

cation potassium
anion phosphate

Question 20

norm ph range

Answer 20

7.35-7.45

Question 21

norm PaCO2 (reps respiratory system)

Answer 21

35-45
<35 respiratory alkalosis (comp for meta acidosis)
>45 respiratory acidosis (comp for meta alkalosis)

Question 22

norm HCO3 (reps metabolic system)

Answer 22

22-26
<22 metabolic acidosis
>26 metabolic alkalosis

Question 23

steps to determine respiratory vs metabolic acidosis

Answer 23

1. pH (if low acid, if high alkalosis)
2. PaCO2
3. HCO3

Question 24

Oncotic (AKA colloid osmotic) pressure

Answer 24

the “sucking” force exerted by large plasma proteins, mainly albumin, within blood vessels that pulls water from surrounding tissues(interstitial) back into the capillaries, maintaining fluid balance.

low oncotic/colloid osmotic secondary to hypoalbumia cause edema (malnutrition, liver dx)

Question 25

Hydrostatic (AKA capillary) filtration pressure 17-35mmHg

Answer 25

the net force driving fluid out of capillaries into surrounding tissues, Elevated pressure leads to edema. 

Question 26

normal hemoglobin level

Answer 26

13.5 to 17.5 g/dL for men 12.0 to 15.5 g/dL for women.

Question 27

describe relationship between Mg, Ca, and vitamin D

Answer 27

Mg activates vit D Vit D promotes Ca absorb

Question 28

we need what to absorb calcium

Answer 28

vitamin D

Question 29

Chvostek and Trousseau associated with

Answer 29

low calcium and high phosphorous

Question 30

torsaddes de point associated with

Answer 30

low Mg

Question 31

SBO risk with

Answer 31

low potassium less so high Mg