Pathophysiology > Lab Values > Flashcards

Lab Values Flashcards

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1
Q

List 3 different types of diagnostic tests

A
  1. Molecular test
  2. Antigen test
  3. Antibody test
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2
Q

What are molecular tests?

A

a type of diagnositc test that detect the genetic material of a virus

ex: RT-PCR test

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3
Q

what is an antigen test?

A

a diagnostic test that detects specific proteins found on the surface of the virus

also known as rapid diagnostic test

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4
Q

what is an antibody test?

A

also called serological test

a diagnostic test for antibodies that are made by the immune cells (lymphocytes) in response to a threat, such as a specific virus

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5
Q

T/F: reference values are not the same as normal values?

A

FALSE
interchangeable terms

*always compare pt values to the reference values determined at that lab

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6
Q

how are reference values established?

A
  1. test large numebrs of healthy individuals
    1. blood donors, med students, med techs, etc.
  2. results are evaluated statistically
  3. values with 2 SD of mean are typically considered normal
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7
Q

T/F: screening tests and diagnostic tests are the same thing

A

FALSE
screening tests are used to potentially ID individuals at risk

diagnostic tests confirm if those at risk individuals have the disease

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8
Q

avoid PT if fasting blood glucose levels are ______

A

>250 mg/dl

and if ketosis is present

use caution if glucose >300 mg/dl

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9
Q

what electrolyte is a critical determinant of blood volume?

A

Sodium

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10
Q

what is normal range for sodium levels in an adult?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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11
Q

elevated sodium levels can suggest _________

A

water loss or dehydration

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12
Q

depressed sodium concentrations can suggest ________

A

water retention

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13
Q

what is hypernatremia?

A

elevated sodium concentation

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14
Q

List some causes of hypernatremia

A
  1. increased fluid loss (sweating)
  2. adrenal gland dysfunction
    • increased aldosterone secretion favors Na retention
  3. limited water intake (geriatic pops)
  4. medications
    • diuretics, ACE inhibitors = favor water loss
    • ARBs = favor water retention
  5. Excessive dietary intake
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15
Q

what is hyponatremia?

A

decreased sodium concentration

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16
Q

List some causes of hyponatremia

A
  1. excessive water intake (hypervolemia)
  2. CHF, kidney failure, liver disease
  3. severe vomiting and diarrhea
  4. inadequate Na intake
  5. Diuretics = bulk flow of water
  6. adrenal gland dysfunction (addison’s disease)
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17
Q

what electrolyte is important for normal function of excitable cells?

A

Potassium (K)

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18
Q

what is the normal range for K+?

A

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/L

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19
Q

how can potassium abnormalities influence physiology?

A
  1. abnormalities can change the resting membrane potential and hence the excitability of excitable cells
  2. change in potassium levels provide insight into renal and adrenal function
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20
Q

what is hyperkalemia and how can it influence physiology?

A

it is high levels of K+

brings membrane potential closer to the threshold needed for the generation of an AP

results in arrhythmias

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21
Q

what is hypokalemia and how can it influence physiology?

A

low levels of K+

leads to hyperpolarization

makes the membrane more (-) and more difficult to stimualte

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22
Q

list some conditions that can result from hyperkalemia

A
  1. abnormal HR
  2. respiratory arrest
  3. neurologic consequences
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23
Q

list some conditions that can result from hypokalemia

A
  1. palpations
  2. fatigue, leg cramps, muscle weakness
  3. flaccid paralysis
  4. N&V
  5. constipation
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24
Q

List some causes of hyperkalemia

A
  1. kidney failure
  2. hypoaldosteronism/disease of adrenal gland
  3. dietary intake
  4. NSAIDs, ARBs, diuretics
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25
List some causes of hypokalemia
1. diarrhea 2. N&V 3. Diuretics 4. Kidney dialysis 5. low dietary intake
26
the s/s of hyperkalemia are MURDER, list them
1. Muscle cramps 2. Urine abormalities 3. Respiratory distress 4. Decreased cardiac contractility 5. EKG changes 6. Reflexes
27
What is the reference range for Ca2+?
2. 1 - 2.6 mmol/L 8. 8 - 10 mg/dL 4. 3 - 5.2 mEq/L
28
how would you expect Ca levels to look in an individual with hyperparathyroidism?
increased increased PTH = increased osteoclast activity releasing Ca from bones and into circulation
29
What causes hypocalcemia and what are it's short and long term effects?
can result from renal disease and certain meds (diuretics) short term: * numbness and tingling * muscle cramps and tetany * lethargy * convulsions (neuromuscular instability) * negative chronotropic effect and ionic effect long term: * osteopenia * OA
30
what causes hypercalcemia and what are it's effects?
associated with hyperparathyroidism caused by excessive release of PTH Effects: * kindey stones * bone pain * abdominal pain * tachycardia Stone, bones, and groans
31
what are the normal fasting glucose levels in adults?
70 - 100 mg/dL
32
what are the normal fasting glucose levels in elderly adults (\<60)
80 - 110 mg/dl
33
what are the normal fasting glucose levels in children and neonates?
children = 60 - 100 mg/dl neonates = 40 - 80 mg/dl
34
what is impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)?
a glucose value between 140-200 mg/dl 2 hours after drinking a glucose solution associated with glucose resistance increased risk for developing diabetes
35
How is a glucose tolerance test performed?
1. pt is fasted 2. blood sampled 3. pt consumes a high CHO drink 4. blood is sampled 1-2 hrs later 1. do serum glucose levels increase and then return to normal levels in a timely manner?
36
what is hemoglobin A1c?
a test for long-term glycemic control
37
what % are we looking out for when looking at Hemoglobin A1c?
7% if it is above it means poor glucose control 6-7% is fair control lower the better
38
what blood glucose level is associated with hypoglycemia? what about hyperglycemia?
hypo = \<70 mg/dl hyper = \>200 mg/dl
39
a subject with a consistent blood glucose range between ______ and ______ is considered hyperglycemic
100 and 126 mg/dl above 126 is considered to reflect diabetes
40
what are the symptoms of chronic hyperglycemia?
1. polyphagia (frequent hunger) 2. polydipsia (frequent thirst) 3. Polyuria 4. Blurred vision 5. fatigue 6. weight loss 7. poor wound healing 8. cardiac dysrhythmias
41
what is ketoacidosis?
develops when the use of glucose is severely limited resulting in increased break down of fats resulting in high levels of ketone bodies/ketosis ketones lower blood pH
42
What is the normal value for Creatinine in adults?
0. 6 - 1.2 mg/dl (males) 0. 5 - 1.1 mg/dl (females)
43
how are normal creatinine levels maintained?
glomerular filtration at the kidneys
44
what do elevated serum creatinine values mean?
suggest a decline in kidney's capacity for excreting waste
45
T/F: creatinine clearance rate decline with age
TRUE
46
What are normal levels for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?
6 - 20 mg/dl
47
what is BUN a measure of?
measure the amount of urea nitrogen this is a waste product of liver catabolism of amino acids present in serum
48
what causes BUN levels to rise?
decreased renal function and decreased renal clearance
49
Elevated BUN is associated with what?
1. heart failure 2. gastrointestinal bleeding 3. hypovolemia 4. kidney disease/failure 5. shock 6. urinary tract obstruction
50
what is the normal range for bilirubin?
0.1 - 1.0 mg/dl
51
what is bilrubin and what is it used to asses?
reddish-yellow substance formed when hemoglobin is broken down and then processed by the liver and excreted in bile used to asses liver function
52
how would liver disease/damage impact bilirubin?
it would reduce the amount of bilirubin that is modified in the liver and removed from the blood = bilirubin accumulates in the blood = jaundice
53
List some causes of elevated bilirubin
1. Increased RBC desctruction = increased bilirubin which can not be effectively dealt with 1. sickle cell anemia 2. hemolytic anemia 3. transfusion reaction 2. anatomic obstruction 1. limits movement of bilirubin to the small intestine 2. biliary strictures 3. gall stones
54
what is the normal reference value for albumin?
3.5 - 5.5 g/dl
55
what is albumin?
a protein synthesized in the liver transports many small charged molecules in the blood it makes up 2/3 of blood proteins and is important in maintaining oncotic pressure
56
what can cause lower-than normal levels of albumin?
liver disease (can't synthesize it) malnutrition (lack raw materials)
57
List conditions that are assocaited with low serum levels of albumin
ascites (abdominal edema) burns = high vascular permeability (loss from blood) glomerulonephritis (kidney disease) malnutrition malabsorption syndroms (crohn disesae, celiac disease, or Whipple disease)
58
what can glomerulonephritis lead to?
albuminuria = too much albumin in urine shouldnt be there normally as it is normally too big to enter the tubules from the blood
59
List other markers of Liver function
Liver panel which will include: * AST (aspartate aminotrasferase) * ALT (alanine aminotrasferase) * LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) * GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase) \*these tell us about the activity of these enzymes not their concentrations
60
Increased RBC can be a result/indicative of what?
1. polycythemia vera 2. dehydration 3. severe dirrhea 4. poisoning 5. pulmonary fibrosis 6. high altitude 7. chronic heart disease
61
decreased RBC can be a result of/indicative of what?
1. anemia 2. blood loss 3. Hodgkin's disease 4. multiple myeloma 5. leukemia 6. SLE 7. rheumatic fever 8. endocarditis
62
what are the reference values for RBC for men/women?
male = 4.5 - 5.3 x 106/mm3 female = 4.1 - 5.1 x 106/mm3
63
what are the reference values for hemoglobin?
male = 13-18 g/dl female = 12-16 g/dl
64
what is the reference value for hematocrit?
male = 37-49% female = 36-46%
65
T/F: A WBC count is only for neutrophils?
False while it generally represents the number of neutrophils it is for all WBCs
66
what value represents the body's ability to fight infection?
Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) an estimation of the number of neutrophils in the blood
67
list the tests of coagulation
``` Prothrombin time (PT) activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT) ```
68
what are test of coagulation for?
used to determine coagulability either diagnostically or to monitor anticoagulant therapy of heparin or warfarin run pre-surgery and when anti-coagulant therapy is given PT = 12-15 sec aPTT = 30-40 sec
69
what is the international normalized ration (INR)?
developed to reduce variability in results between labs it is a standarized method of determinig clotting time and hence bleeding risk
70
INR = \_\_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
prothrombin test/prothrombin control ratio of the pt's to a normal control's prothrombin time
71
INR can be prolonged (larger) in:
1. presence of anticoagulants 2. liver dysfunction 3. Vitamin K deficiency 4. coagulation factors deficiency
72
what is the specific gravity of urine?
a ratio of the density of a substance (urine)/ density of a reference substance (water) reflects the concentration of excreted molecules in the urine
73
what is the normal reference value for the specific gravity of urine in adults?
1.005 - 1.030
74
what is the normal pH of urine (during a urinalysis)?
4.6 - 8.0
75
a higher urine pH is indicative of what?
can be caused by severe vomiting a kidney disease some urinary tract infections asthma
76
what may cause a low urine pH?
severe lung disease (emphysema) uncontrolled diabetes aspirin overdose severe diarrhea dehydration starvation alcohol or drinking antifreeze
Pathophysiology
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