Pathophysiology Intro

Question 1

define etiology

Answer 1

the underlying causes of a disease

Question 2

define pathogenesis

Answer 2

the mechanisms that result in the presenting signs and symptoms of a disease

Question 3

what is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

Answer 3

signs = objective evidence of a disease (blood in stool, a skin rash, cough, chest pain)

symptoms = a feature that suggests a disease and is percieved by the patient (stomach-ache, lower-back pain, fatigue)

Question 4

what is morphology?

Answer 4

the study of form and structure

Question 5

define subclinical

Answer 5

not severe enough to present definite or readily obserbable symptoms

Question 6

define sequela(e)

Answer 6

a condition that is the consequence of a previous disesae or injury

Question 7

what is difference between an illness and a disease?

Answer 7

illness = sickness or deviation from a healthy state (think flu) has a more broad and generic meaning than disease. Tends to be acute or short term

disease = biological or psychological alteration that results in organ/system dysfunction. Tends to be chronic (think TB)

Question 8

what are the different models of disease?

Answer 8

1. Germ-model
2. Biomedical model
3. Biopsychosocial model

Question 9

what is the germ-model of disease?

Answer 9

disease caused by a microorganism

Question 10

What is the biomedical-model of disease?

Answer 10

driven by a cause-effect relationship

focuses on biological factors as causative agents of disease

Question 11

what is the biopsychosocial disease model?

Answer 11

ICF model

belief that biological, psychological, and social factors all play a significant role in human functioning in the context of disease

Question 12

cellular response to injury/insult depends on what?

Answer 12

1. type of insult
2. severity (quantity) of insult
3. duration of insult

Question 13

cellular consequences of an injury/insult depend on what?

Answer 13

1. type of insult
2. status of cell at time of insult
3. adaptability of cells
4. genetic makeup of cell

Question 14

List some various mechanisms of cell injury

Answer 14

1. reduced O2 availability
2. ichemia/hypoxia/hypoxemia
3. abberant immune reactions (RA)
4. infectious agents (lyme disease)
5. genetic abnormalities (cystic fibrosis)
6. nutritional imbalance (ricketts, scurvy)
7. physcial factors/injury
8. free radical damage

Question 15

what is the difference between ischemia and hypoxia

Answer 15

ischemia = reduced blood flow to the area

hypoxia = reduced O2 in blood

Question 16

List some causes of hypoxia

Answer 16

1. obstruction in moving air to lung
2. inadequate movement of O₂ from lung to blood
3. inadeqaute transport of O₂ (anemia, blockage)
4. inabilitity to utilize O₂ at tissue level to fuel cell processes

Question 17

define sepsis

Answer 17

the presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood

Question 18

define septic shock

Answer 18

endothelial cell damage, reduced blood volume, maldistribution of blood flow resulting in cardiovascular collapse

Question 19

List some chemicals and processes that generate free radicals

Answer 19

1. superoxides
2. H₂O₂
3. OH^-
4. NO
5. lipid peroxidation
6. DNA fragmentation
7. Cross-linking of proteins

Question 20

List some changes a cell may exhibit in response to chronic insults

Answer 20

1. atrophy
2. hypertrophy → increase in cell size
3. hyperplasia → increase in cell number
   
   • hormonal hyperplasia = driven by hormones
   • compensatory hyperplasia = driven by tissue loss or damage
4. metaplasia → one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
5. dysplasia → abnormal tissue growth or development

Question 21

T/F: the process of cell apoptosis is not regulated

Answer 21

FALSE

it is very complicated and carefully regulated

Question 22

list some subcellular mechanisms for degrading dead cells

Answer 22

1. lysosomal activation → process of autophagy which will break down cell and result in “pus” formation
2. absorption of products
3. necrosis → cell death within living tissues, unregulated digestion of cell components