What is the LDA?
Landing distance available
length or runway available, not including stopway
What is the approach funnel? What are its dimensions?
A protected plane of obstacle free area under the approach path
- Starts 60m from threshold
- 300m wide and expands at 15%
- Upwards incline of 2% that runs tangential to the most penalising obstacle
What is V(ls)? what is the numerical value for it?
Lowest selectable speed
1.23Vs1g for the actual configuration
What is V(app)?
Final approach speed
Aircraft speed during landing, 50 ft above the runway surface
What is the min and max wind correction to V(app)
5kts - 15kts
What is V(ref)? What is it equal to?
Reference speed
Steady landing approach speed for a defined landing configuration
V(ref) = V(ls) in CONF FULL
Corrections can be applied for abnormal/ emergency/ wind as needed
What is the definition of actual landing distance (ALD)? What configuration and conditions (7) does the certification require?
Horizontal distance necessary to come to a complete stop from a point 50 ft above the runway
LDG config Stable approach of V(ls) down to 50ft Standard temp No excessive vertical acceleration Acceptable wheel braking systems no spoilers or reversers on a dry runway Smooth, level, dry, hard surface RWY
What wind component correction factors must be added to ALD?
Not more than 50% HWC
Not less than 150% TWC
What is an approach climb? What configuration and gradient is required to be demonstrated for normal or CAT II/III approach?
A/C’s climb ability in the case of a single engine go around on approach to land
Approach config:
- 1 engine INOP
- TOGA thrust
- Gear up
- Slats/ Flaps in approach config
- Speed between 1.23Vs1g and 1.41Vs1g
Must demonstrate 2.1% climb gradient (twin) or 2.5% on a CATII/III ILS
What is a landing climb? What configuration and gradient is required to be demonstrated?
a/c ability to climb in the landing config after a go around in the landing configuration
Landing Config:
- All engines
- Thrust available 8 seconds after TOGA applied
- Gear down
- Slats/ flaps in LDG config
- Speed between 1.13Vs1g and 1.23Vs1g
Must demonstrate 3.2% climb gradient (all)
What is the effect of Pressure ALT, Temp, Slope on ALD and climb gradients?
- Increase PA = high ALD and low climb grad
- Increase Temp = low climb grad
- Up slope = low ALD
How does the runway conditions affect landing distance required?
Low friction coefficient = Increase Landing distance
High precipitation drag = decrease landing distance
How does engine bleed air and flap setting affect actual landing distance required or climb gradients?
- Bleed air on = decrease climb gradients
- Increase flap deflection = decrease landing distance, decreased climb gradient
What is the definition of RLD? What assumptions are made in RLD when an aircraft is being dispatched?
Required landing distance -
- Still air
- most favourable runway based on forecast and prevailing conditions
- the ground handling characteristics of the aeroplane
- landing aids and terrain
Within how much of the LDA must an aircraft’s RLD be within on a dry runway? What is the equation?
-Landing weight must permit landing within 60% of LDA and destination and any required alternate
RLD = ALD÷0.6 ≤ LDA
When the runway is wet the required distance must be what? What is the equation?
The RLD must be at least 115% of the RLD on a dry runway
RLD(wet) = 1.15 * RLD(dry) ≤ LDA
What is the RLD(contaminated) the greater of?
- 1.15 * ALD(contaminated)
- RLD(wet)
Greater of
What is RLD with automatic landing on a dry runway?
- 1.15 * ALD(auto)
- RLD(manual)
The greater of
What missed approach climb gradients must an aircraft meet for a normal approach vs a CATII or CATIII approach?
- Normal: 2.1% or whatever is published on approach chart
- CAT II/III: 2.5% or whatever is published on approach charts
What is the max landing weight limited by?
- Max structural landing weight
- Max landing weight to meet performance requirements
How should an overweight landing be conducted?
-By consulting the QRH and following abnormal overweight procedure
When must an aircraft be equipped with a fuel jettisoning system?
-When the aircraft cannot meet approach or landing climb gradients at the MTOW- the fuel burned for a 15min circuit back to land
