1
Q
What will breaking up a reactant that’s a solid into smaller pieces do?
A
Increase its surface area
2
Q
The particles around it in the solution will have more area to work on, so…
A
There’ll be useful collisions more often
CGP GCSE Chem
flashcards
Decks in class (233)
# Cards
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
The Three States of Matter - Solid, Liquid and Gas16
-
Substances Can Change from One State to Another12
-
Diffusion is the Movement of Particles Through a Liquid or Gas2
-
Potassium Manganate(VII) and Water5
-
Ammonia and Hydrogen Chloride8
-
Bromine Gas and Air5
-
The Nucleus5
-
The Electrons8
-
Number of Electrons Equals Number of Protons4
-
Atomic Number and Mass Number Describe an Atom7
-
Molecules are Groups of Atoms3
-
Elements Consist of One Type of Atom Only4
-
Compounds are Chemically Bonded6
-
Mixtures are Easily Separated - Not Like Compounds6
-
Filtration is Used to Separate an Insoluble Solid from a Liquid5
-
Crystallisation is Used to Separate a Soluble Solid from a Solution6
-
You Can Use Filtration and Crystallisation to Separate Rock Salt10
-
You Need to Know How to Do Paper Chromatography9
-
How Chromatography Separates Mixtures...3
-
Chromatography Can Help You to Identify Dyes4
-
Simple Distillation is Used to Separate Out Solutions8
-
Fractional Distillation is Used to Separate a Mixture of Liquids9
-
The Periodic Table is a Table of All Known Elements13
-
Elements in a Group Have the Same Number of Outer Electrons6
-
Electron Shell Rules:7
-
Follow the Rules to Work Out Electronic Configurations2
-
Ionic Bonding - Transfer of Electrons5
-
A Shell with Just One Electron is Well Keen to Get Rid...4
-
A Nearly Full Shell is Well Keen to Get That Extra Electron...6
-
Groups 1, 2, 6 and 7 are Most Likely to Form Ions10
-
Ionic Compounds All Form in a Similar Way7
-
Giant Ionic Structures Have High Melting and Boiling Points7
-
A Covalent Bond is a Shared Pair of Electrons5
-
Hydrogen, H24
-
Chlorine, Cl23
-
Hydrogen Chloride, HCI2
-
Ammonia, NH34
-
Nitrogen, N24
-
Water, H204
-
Oxygen, O26
-
Carbon Dioxide, CO25
-
Methane, CH43
-
Ethane, C2H63
-
Ethene, C2H44
-
Simple Molecular Substances6
-
Giant Covalent Structures6
-
Diamond5
-
Graphite5
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Equations Show the Reactants and Products of a Reaction7
-
Symbol Equations Need to Be Balanced3
-
Method: Balance just ONE type of atom at a time4
-
Isotopes are the Same Except for an Extra Neutron or Two6
-
Relative Atomic Mass Takes All Stable Isotopes into Account8
-
Relative Formula Mass, Mr3
-
Finding the Empirical Formula (from Masses of Percentages)7
-
The Empirical Formula isn’t Always the Same as the Molecular Formula4
-
The Three Important Steps - Not to be Missed...7
-
Percentage Yield Compares Actual and Theoretical Yield7
-
‘The Mole’ is Simply the Name Given to a Certain Number6
-
Nice Easy Formula for Finding the Number of Moles in a Given Mass:1
-
Salts Can be Anhydrous or Hydrated6
-
You Can Calculate How Much Water of Crystallisation a Salt Contains5
-
Avogadro’s Law - One Mole of Any Gas Occupies 24 dm35
-
You Can Calculate Volumes in Reactions If You Know the Masses3
-
Concentration is the ‘Amount of Stuff’ per Unit Volume4
-
Concentration = No. of Moles / Volume2
-
Converting Moles per dm3 to Grams per dm33
-
Electric Current is a Flow of Electrons or Ions4
-
Ionic Compounds Only Conduct Electricity when Molten or in Solution5
-
Covalent Compounds Don't Conduct Electricity3
-
Metals are Held Together by Metallic Bonding3
-
Metals are Good Conductors of Electricity and Heat1
-
Most Metals are Malleable2
-
Electrolysis is Used to Make New Substances7
-
Electrolytes are Liquids that Conduct Electricity4
-
In Molten Ionic Compounds There’s Only One Source of Ions15
-
Electrolysis of Aqueous Solutions is a Bit More Complicated5
-
Sulfuric Acid:8
-
Sodium Chloride:8
-
Copper(III) Sulfate:8
-
No. Of Electrons Transferred Increases with Time and Current3
-
Coulombs and Faradays are Amounts of Electricity4
-
One Mole of Product Needs ‘n’ Moles of Electrons4
-
Use These Steps in Calculations5
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Periods3
-
Groups5
-
The Elements can be Classified as Metals or Non-Metals9
-
Group 0 Elements are All Inert, Colourless Gases5
-
Group 1 Elements All React in a Similar Way with Water8
-
Group 1 Elements Become More Reactive Down the Group8
-
Atoms Lose Electrons More Easily Down the Group5
-
Halogen - Seven Letters - Group 78
-
Hydrogen Chloride Gas Dissociates in Water...6
-
...but Not in Methylbenzene3
-
More Reactive Halogens will Displace Less Reactive Ones11
-
Halogen Displacement Reactions Involve Transfer of Electrons8
-
Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen9
-
The Name of the Salt Depends on the Metal and Acid Used5
-
Metals Also React with Water6
-
The Reactivity Series - How Well a Metal Reacts5
-
A More Reactive Metal Displaces a Less Reactive Metal8
-
Iron and Steel Corrode to Make Rust5
-
There are Two Main Ways to Prevent Rusting6
-
The Atmosphere is Mostly Nitrogen and Oxygen1
-
You can Investigate the Proportion of Oxygen in the Atmosphere Using Copper7
-
You can Investigate the Proportion of Oxygen in the Atmosphere Using Iron or Phosphorus11
-
You Can Make O2 in the Lab10
-
When you Burn Something it Reacts with Oxygen in Air3
-
Magnesium4
-
Carbon5
-
Sulfur5
-
You Can Collect Gases in a Test Tube7
-
Dilute Acid reacts with Calcium Carbonate to Produce Carbon Dioxide5
-
The Thermal Decomposition of Metal Carbonates Also Produces CO27
-
CO2 is used in Fizzy Drinks and Fire Extinguishers10
-
Carbon Dioxide is a Greenhouse Gas5
-
Increasing Carbon Dioxide is Linked to Climate Change3
-
Flame Tests Identify Metals Ions7
-
Some Metals Form a Coloured Precipitate with NaOH7
-
‘Ammonium Compound + NaOH’ Gives off (Stinky) Ammonia6
-
Hydrochloric Acid Can Help Detect Carbonates6
-
Test for Sulfates with HCI and Barium Chloride5
-
Test for Halides (Cl-, Brx, l-) with Nitric Acid and Silver Nitrate9
-
There are Tests for 5 Common Gases5
-
Wet Copper(II) Sulfate is Blue - Dry Copper(II) Sulfate is White9
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Alkanes are Hydrocarbons4
-
MethAne Formula: CH41
-
EthAne Formula: C2H61
-
PropAne Formula: C3H81
-
ButAne Formula: C4H101
-
PentAne Formula: C5H121
-
Alkanes are a Homologous Series8
-
Complete Combustion Happens When There’s Plenty of Oxygen4
-
Incomplete Combustion of Alkanes is NOT Safe5
-
Halogens React with Alkanes to make Haloalkanes5
-
Alkenes Have a C=C Double Bond4
-
EthEne Formula: C2H41
-
PropEne Formula: C3H61
-
ButEne Formula: C4H84
-
Halogens React with Alkanes, Forming Haloalkanes8
-
Ethanol Can Be Produced from Ethene and Steam8
-
Ethanol Can Also be Produced by Fermentation5
-
Both Methods have Advantages and Disadvantages...8
-
Ethanol can be Dehydrated to Form Ethene5
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
The pH Scale Goes from 0 to 148
-
An Indicator is Just a Dye That Changes Colour6
-
Acids can be Neutralised by Bases (or Alkalis)7
-
Acids react with Metal Oxides to make Salt + Water...9
-
... and with Metal Carbonates to give Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide5
-
Salts can be Soluble or Insoluble6
-
Making Soluble Salts Using Acids and Insoluble Bases6
-
Making Soluble Salts Using an Alkali5
-
Making Insoluble Salts - Precipitation Reactions3
-
Titrations are Used to Find about Concentrations13
-
The Calculation - Work Out the Number of Moles4
-
Reactions Can Go at All Sorts of Different Rates3
-
The Rate of a Reaction Depends on Four Things:4
-
Typical Graphs for Rate of Reaction8
-
Three Ways to Measure the Speed of a Reaction3
-
Precipitation5
-
Change in Mass (Usually Gas Given Off)6
-
The Volume of Gas Given Off5
-
Reaction of Hydrochloric Acid and Marble Chips7
-
This graph shows the effect of using finer particles of solid4
-
Reaction of Magnesium Metal with Dilute HCl4
-
This graph shows the effect of using more concentrated acid solutions7
-
Sodium Thiosulfate and HCl Produce a Cloudy Precipitate12
-
The Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide9
-
More Collisions Increases the Rate of Reaction2
-
Higher Temperatures2
-
Higher Concentration (or PRESSURE)3
-
Larger Surface Area2
-
Catalysts2
-
Faster Collisions Increase the Rate of Reaction6
-
Energy Must Always be Supplied to Break Bonds3
-
In an Exothermic Reaction, Energy is Given Out2
-
In an Endothermic Reaction, Energy is Taken In2
-
The Change in Energy is Called the Enthalpy Change6
-
Energy Level Diagrams Show if it’s Exo- or Endo- thermic12
-
The Activation Energy is Lowered by Catalysts5
-
Bond Energy - The Amount of Energy in a Bond5
-
Example: The Formation of HCl3
-
You can find out Enthalpy Changes using Calorimetry1
-
Calorimetry - Dissolving, Displacement and Neutralisation Reactions5
-
Calorimetry - Combustion11
-
Calculate the Heat Energy Transferred5
-
Calculate the Molar Enthalpy Change4
-
Reversible Reaction6
-
Reversible Reactions Will Reach Dynamic Equilibrium6
-
Changing Temperature and Pressure Can Get You More Product8
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
-
Most Metals are Found in Ores6
-
Metals Often have to be Separated from their Oxides5
-
Methods of Extraction and Linked to the Order of Reactivity8
-
Electrolysis Removes Aluminium from Its Ore4
-
Cryolite is Used to Lower the Temperature (and Costs)5
-
Electrolysis - Turning IONS into the Atoms You Want8
-
Electrolysis is Expensive - It’s All That Electricity...3
-
The Raw Materials are Iron Ore, Coke and Limestone3
-
Reducing the Iron Ore to Iron:6
-
Removing the Impurities:5
-
Iron and Aluminium have some Properties in Common5
-
The Uses of Iron Depend on Its Properties7
-
And so do the Uses of Aluminium5
-
Crude Oil is Separated into Different Hydrocarbon Fractions19
-
Burning Fuels Can Produce Pollutants2
-
Carbon Monoxide is Produced by Incomplete Combustion3
-
Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides Come from Burning Fuel4
-
Acid Rain is Caused by Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides12
-
Cracking - Splitting Up Long-Chain Hydrocarbons7
-
Conditions for Cracking: Heat, Plus a Catalyst10
-
Addition Polymers are Made Under High Pressure3
-
Polymers can be Shown Using Repeating Units7
-
Polymers can be Made by Condensation Polymerisation5
-
Polymers Have Lots of Uses6
-
Most Polymers are Hard to Get Rid Of5
-
Nitrogen and Hydrogen are Needed to Make Ammonia6
-
The Reaction is Reversible, So There’s a Compromise to be Made:10
-
Ammonia is Used to Make Nitric Acid and Ammonium Nitrate Fertiliser6
-
The Contact Process is Used to Make Sulfuric Acid4
-
A Catalyst is Important When Making SO31
-
Modern Industry Uses Loads of Sulfuric Acid4
-
Electrolysis of Salt gives Hydrogen, Chlorine and NaOH6
-
The Half-Equations - Make Sure the Electrons Balance3
-
Chlorine2
-
Sodium Hydroxide3
-
Hydrogen2
-
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
