LE 3

Question 1

Ductile Deformation

Answer 1

folds

Question 2

Brittle Deformation

Answer 2

1. Dip-slip – normal or reverse/thrust
2. Strike slip – sinistral or dextral
3. Oblique slip

Question 3

SEISMIC WAVES

• When energy is released during earthquakes, it is propagated as seismic waves
  1. * – interior; emanate from the focus in all directions
  1. 1. * – first to arrive (solid and liquid); push and pull motion
  1. 2. * – second to arrive (solid only); transverse wave
  2. * – surface; most destructive; directly affects us during earthquakes
  2. 1. * – cyclical side to side
  2. 2. * – cyclical up and down

Answer 3

Body waves
P-waves 
S-waves
Surface waves 
Love waves
Rayleigh waves

Question 4

Magnitude – it is the * by an earthquake at the focus. Recorded by a seismograph; uses Richter scale
Intensity – * of the earthquake perceived and felt by people in a certain locality; uses Mercalli scale

Answer 4

energy released

strength

Question 5

• Downslope movement of rock, regolith (unconsolidated material) and soil under the influence of gravity

Answer 5

MASS WASTING

Question 6

sudden movement of a rock, separated along fractures or bedding planes. No fluidity in the motion

Answer 6

1. Fall

Question 7

blocks of material fall over as a unit, similar to falling dominos

Answer 7

2. Topple

Question 8

results when rocks and debris slide down

Answer 8

3. Slides

Question 9

downward rotation of slide, arcuate

Answer 9

4. Slumps (rotational slides

Question 10

6.3. Creep

solifluction

Answer 10

slow movement of soil

creep + moisture

Question 11

Cap rock –

Answer 11

mudstones

Question 12

1. • – store groundwater efficiently
2. 1. Confined – has confining layer
3. 2. Unconfined – has no confining layer
4. 3. Perched – isolated water table above main water table
5. • – retardation of transport
6. • – include
7. *

Answer 12

Aquifiers
Aquitard
Aquiclude
Aquifuge

Question 13

• Deals with the origin of the Earth and its development through time
• Strives to establish an orderly chronological arrangement of physical and chemical changes

Answer 13

HISTORICAL GEOLOGY

Question 14

evidence of life in the form of tracks or burrows

Answer 14

3.2. Ichnofossils

Question 15

– dissolution of shell (mold) and refilling (cast)

Answer 15

3.1. Mold and Cast

Question 16

1. Steno’s Law
2. 1. • – in the sequence of undeformed rock strata, the oldest layer will lie below or underneath the youngest
3. 2. • – layer of sediments would have in the bottom of a lake, or the ocean, are deposited by gravity into flat, horizontal or sub-horizontal layers
4. 3. • – if a rock layer is cut by a fault or igneous intrusion, the rock that is cut must be older than the layer that cuts it

Answer 16

Law of Superposition
Law of Original Horizontality
Law of Lateral Continuity

Question 17

2. Inclusions

Answer 17

• The included material is older than the body that hosts it

Question 18

• Breaks in the deposition of the rock indication geologically long periods of non-deposition or erosion
  3. 1. Disconformity
  3. 2. Paraconformity
  3. 3. Angular unconformity
  3. 4. Nonconformity

Answer 18

3. Unconformities
   non- met or ign
   dis - ero
   para - dep

Question 19

Causes of climate change

Answer 19

plate tectonics - landmass distribution; low latitude hotter
landmass distribution - gitna yung land - cooler
volcanism and CO2 - degassing
Milankovitch cycles - ellipticity of orbit, precession
Human activity