Learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

• response to a stimulus diminishes
• happens to psychological reflexes such as the startle reflex

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

• UCS triggers UCR naturally
• NS does not trigger response
• pairing: NS is consistently presented with the UCS and becomes a CS that leads to the UCR

Question 3

Unlearning Associations in Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

• extinction: repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS leads to CR diminishing
• spontaneous recovery: an extinguished response returns after CS and UCS are presented together again

Question 4

Associations in Classical Conditioning

Answer 4

• generalization: stimulus similar to CS elicits CR
• discrimination training: further learning limits generalization so different CSs can elicit different CRs

Question 5

Drug Cravings in Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

• former drug addicts feel cravings again in settings where they used drugs or with people they used drugs with
• UCS: the drug
• UCR: the effects of the drug
• CS: the settings or the people
• CR: feel craving to use drugs

Question 6

Dieting in Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

• when people attempt to diet, exposure to sugary food even once brings the cravings back
• UCS: sugary food
• UCR: enjoyment of eating the food
• CS: sugary food
• CR: cravings to eat more sugary food

Question 7

Immune Responses in Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

• particular taste accompanies a drug that influences immune response, so that taste elicits an immune response
• UCS: drug effects
• UCR: immune response
• CS: taste of the drug
• CR: immune response

Question 8

Little Albert

Answer 8

• made a loud sound whenever Little Albert went to touch a white rat, so fear of white rat was conditioned
• generalized to other white furry animals
• UCS: loud sound
• UCR: fear response
• CS: white furry animal
• CR: fear response

Question 9

Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Answer 9

• responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation
• responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

• use of reinforcers and punishers to promote certain behaviors
• positive: adding something
• negative: removing something
• reinforcer: increase the likelihood of the behavior
• punisher: decrease the likelihood of the behavior

Question 11

Association in Operant Conditioning

Answer 11

• shaping: successful reinforcement of responses that increasingly approximate target behavior

Question 12

Unlearning Associations in Operant Conditioning

Answer 12

• extinction: diminishing of operant response after repeated non-presentation of reinforcer
• partial reinforcement extinction effect: partial reinforcement results in learning that is harder to extinguish in comparison to continuous reinforcement

Question 13

Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 13

• fixed ratio: reward after certain number of behaviors
• fixed interval: reward after certain amount of time
• variable ratio: reward after uncertain number of behaviors
• variable interval: reward after uncertain amount of time
• ratio schedules produce fastest change in behavior
• interval schedules are slower but harder to extinguish once implemented
• fixed is faster than variable but is also less resistant to extinction

Question 14

Social Learning

Answer 14

• learn by observing others (seeing them get reinforced or punished)
• modeling: observing and imitating a certain behavior

Question 15

Bobo Doll Experiment

Answer 15

• child watches adult pound and kick a Bobo doll for 10 minutes
• experimenter takes child to another room with appealing toys and says that the good toys were saved for other children
• experimenter takes child to another room with less toys and a Bobo doll
• the child imitates the adult and takes out their anger on the Bobo doll specifically