Learning
An experience that results in a relativelypermanent change in the state of learning.
Reinforcement
Any event or stimulus that when following aresponses the probability will occur again.
- Positive– increase rate by adding something.
- Negative – increase rate by removing something
Punishment
Any event or object that when following aresponse makes that response less likely to happen again.
- Positive– Reduce rate by adding something.
- Negative – Reduce rate by removing something
Observational learning
A form of learning by observing and modeling similar behaviors as someone.
Learning Methods used by Pavlov, Watson, andSkinner
- IvanPavlov – Classical conditioning which modifies an organism’s responses to stimuli.
- J.B.Watson – Classical conditioning (1 st to apply this to humans)
- B.F. Skinner – Operant conditioning – learn byconsequence
How classical conditioning modifies anorganism’s responses to stimuli
Involuntary response to a stimulus other thanthe original, natural stimulus that normally produces a reflex.
How operant conditioning modifies an organism’sresponses to stimuli
If reinforced the then the response will occurmore frequently. If Punished the response will occur less frequently.
Difference betweenpositive and negative reinforcement
- Positive– increase rate by adding something.
* Negative – increase rate by removing something.
Factors that influence theeffectiveness of punishment
- Frequency and severity influence the effectiveness of punishment.
- Punishment may have undesirable side effects.
- Punishmentmust be administered right after the response and each time the response occurs.
- Punishment without explanation in not effective.
- Punishment produces short term effects.
Principles of behavior modification
- Systemof changing behavior by behaviorist
- Reinforcescorrect behavior
- Extinguishedincorrect behavior
- Use token economy for this method
Schools of theory
- Cognitive
* Behavioral
Classical conditioning
Learn by association
- US-unconditioned, naturally desired stimulus.
- CS-Stimulus associated in time and space with US.
- UR-Natural reaction to US.
- CR-Learned reaction of CS
Thorndyke-Law of response
C onsequence determines rate of subsequent
J.B.Watson ( with Elizabeth Raynor)
- Coined the term Behaviorism
- Applied classical condition to Little Albert
1) Inadvertent phobia due to generalization of S and R2) Correction by focusing on discrimination of S and R. - Extinction-reduction of R rate due to removal of reinforcement or association.
- Spontaneous recovery-return of learned R rate by reestablishing reinforcement
B.F.Skinner
Opperant conditioning-learn by consequence
Problems with punishment
- focus upon incorrect conduct
- may model coersive techiniques
- Positive punishment tends to escalate in disciplinarian
- Forget correct behavior while remembering fear of disciplinarian
Albert Bandura
- Social Learning
- Modeling
-Observational Learning
Bobo Doll
