Learning

Question 1

Operant Conditioning

Answer 1

• a form of learning where responses (actions) are controlled by their consequences

Question 2

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 2

• learning?

- Repeated exposure can alter subsequent effects

Question 3

What is habituation? Examples? (TEXT)

Answer 3

Diminishing physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus

I can only think of neurobio examples and this isn’t covered in slides so check the text for this one!

Question 4

What is the Law of Effect? (thorndike’s findings)

Answer 4

• if a behavior (response) in a specific situation leads to satisfying effects, then that response is more likely to occur again in that situation

Question 5

Acquisition

Answer 5

• the initial stage of learning in which UCS and CS are paired
• Closer pairings stronger
• Novel stimuli stronger than commonplace ones

Question 6

What were thorndike’s findings?

Answer 6

• The law of effect
• if a behavior (response) in a specific situation leads to satisfying effects, then that response is more likely to occur again in that situation

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

• the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
• CS (conditioned stimuli) presented without the UCS

Question 8

Stimulus generalization

Answer 8

• occurs when an organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus, responds in the same way to the new stimulus that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 9

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 9

• occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to a new stimuli that is similar to the OG stimulus

Question 10

what is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 10

• reappearance of an extinguished (extinct) response after a period of non-exposure to the CS

Question 11

Renewal effect

Answer 11

• if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response may reappear if the subject encounters the conditioned stimulus in the OG environment where acquisition took place

Question 12

Higher order conditioning

Answer 12

• the conditioning of a second CS by pairing it with the OG CS without the OG UCS
• Dog food (UCS) + bell (CS1) + CLAP (CS2) — dog food (UCS)

Question 13

What is positive and negative reinforcement and punishment (in terms of operant conditioning)

Answer 13

• Reinforcement is an event following a response (behavior) that increases tendency to repeat the response
• Positive or negative Reinforcement adds or takes away something to STRENGTHENS a response
• Punishment is an event following a response (behavior) that decreases tendency to repeat the response
• Positive or negative punishment adds or takes away something to WEAKEN a response (aka ruin it, taint it, make them not wanna do it again)

Question 14

How do different reinforcement schedules relate to rate of responding and resistance to extinction?

Answer 14

Continual reinforcement (1:1 fixed ratio)

• *Intermittent reinforcement (not 1:1 ratio)**
• fixed = lower resistance to extinction
• Variable = higher resistance to extinction
• Ratio = higher response rates
• Interval = shorter intervals generate higher response rather OVERALL (long-Term)
• VR ideal for cramming, VI ideal for long term memory
• *almost guaranteed to be a question in this!!**

Question 15

Applications of operant conditioning?

Answer 15

• Can involve learning of new actions
• Positive and negative reinforcement
• Punishment

Question 16

Cognitive Models of Learning (Text and Lecture)

Answer 16

Latent Learning
Observational Learning*
Implicit Learning
Insight Learning

Question 17

Describe Tolvan & Honzik’s research and how it relates to latent learning (TEXT)

Answer 17

Tolvan & Honzik = rat mazes -> latent learning