Learning Aim A

Question 1

What is the behaviourist theory?

Answer 1

It is the emphasis on the role of environmental factors in behaviour

Question 2

What is the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 2

Focuses on the behaviour which is determined by unconscious factors, thoughts and memories

Question 3

What is the humanistic theory?

Answer 3

The belief in free will of the individual who has the ability to choose how they act

Question 4

What is the cognitive theory?

Answer 4

It focuses on the study of mental processes and it’s the information processing approach

Question 5

Who invented the behaviourist theory?

Answer 5

Skinner and Pavlov

Question 6

What is Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 6

• Dogs learn to associate a bell with food
• It is a reinforcement method
• Even if a dog would hear a bell they would automatically think there is food around as that is what they have learnt

Question 7

What is the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 7

Food

Question 8

What is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?

Answer 8

How the dog reacts to the food

Question 9

What is Skinner’s box experiment?

Answer 9

• Rat in a box
• One lever dispenses food
• One lever gives off a shock
• How long will it take for the rat to figure which is which?

Question 10

What is the id?

Answer 10

Our basic drives and desires (Developed when born)

Question 11

What is the ego?

Answer 11

Our conscious self that deals with reality (Developed at 3yrs old)

Question 12

What is the superego?

Answer 12

Our moral conscience (Developed at 5yrs old)

Question 13

Who invented the cognitive theory?

Answer 13

Piaget

Question 14

What are the different stages of Piaget’s cognitive theory?

Answer 14

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete operational (7-11 years)
Formal operational ( 11+ years)
The theory emphasises that children should actively construct knowledge through interactions within the environment

Question 15

What is the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 15

Learning through senses and motor actions (understanding that objects still exist when unseen)

Question 16

What is the preoperational stage?

Answer 16

Using symbols and language for representational thought (engaging in pretend play)

Question 17

What is the concrete operational stage?

Answer 17

Developing logical thinking and problem solving skills

Question 18

What is the formal operational stage?

Answer 18

Abstract and systematic thinking and logically thinking about complex ideas

Question 19

List the 5 levels of hierarchy of ‘Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’

Answer 19

Self actualisation
Self esteem needs
Social needs
Safety needs
Biological needs

Question 20

Who invented the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 20

Sigmund Freud

Question 21

Who invented the humanistic theory?

Answer 21

Maslow

Question 22

List characteristics of a Type A person?

Answer 22

• High achievers
• Ambitious
• Passionate
• Workaholic
• Stubborn
• Intolerant

Question 23

List characteristics of a Type B person?

Answer 23

• Play it by ear
• Fun loving
• Friendly

Question 24

What is trait theory?

Answer 24

It is the genetic basis of personality and it endures characteristics that explain behaviour

Question 25

What is the trait theory of leadership?

Answer 25

Identifying personality traits and characteristics linked to leadership

Question 26

What is the situational theory?

Answer 26

Behaviour is determined by the environment or situation

Question 27

What is Bandura’s social learning theory?

Answer 27

Albert Bandura believed in observing, modelling and imitating others behaviour

Question 28

What is openness?

Answer 28

The tendency to appreciate new art, ideas, values, feelings and behaviour

Question 29

What is conscientiousness?

Answer 29

The tendency to be careful and hardworking

Question 30

What is extraversion?

Answer 30

Loud and outgoing

Question 31

What is agreeableness?

Answer 31

Goes along with things, a follower not a leader

Question 32

What is neuroticism?

Answer 32

Frequently experiences negative emotions

Question 33

What is LEADERS?

Answer 33

Lead by example Encourage thinking Apply reward and discipline Demand high performance Encourage confidence in the team Recognise individual strengths and weaknesses Strive for team goals

Question 34

What is development of attitudes? (ABC)

Answer 34

Affective component Behavioural component Cognitive component

Question 35

What is the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 35

Different attitudes start to form a plan towards behaviour

Question 36

What are personal attitudes?

Answer 36

The sum of all our knowledge, attitudes and prejudices

Question 37

What are subjective norms?

Answer 37

This considers how we view the ideas of others about a specific behaviour

Question 38

What is perceived behaviour control?

Answer 38

Theory argues that our perception of behaviour has two effects

Question 39

What is a fixed mindset?

Answer 39

Personality traits are fixed and cannot be changed through training

Question 40

What is a growth mindset?

Answer 40

Personality traits attributed to learning, effort, training and practice

Question 41

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 41

The use of a familiar stimulus to influence how new behaviours are learnt and how old behaviours are modified

Question 42

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 42

The use of reinforcement, both positive and negative to influence how new behaviours are learnt and how old behaviours are modified

Question 43

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 43

Use positive reinforcement or reward following a particular behaviour to reinforce learning to ensure the outcome is repeated