Learning & Memory

Question 1

Short-term Memory

Answer 1

• Holds about 5-9 chunks
• Lasts for a very short period of time
  < 1 min
• Associated with Prefrontal Cortex

Question 2

Long-term Memory

Answer 2

1. Encoding: attention & multi-sensory
2. Consolidation: linked to existing memories
3. Storage: retained in neuronal circuits
4. Retrieval: malleable & constructive

Question 3

Explicit/Declarative Memory

Answer 3

1. Episodic: autobiographical experience
2. Semantic: facts
   Hippocampal dependent

Question 4

Implicit/Non-Declarative Memory

Answer 4

1. Procedural: learned skills
2. Emotional conditioning

Question 5

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 5

Inability to form new memories after onset of disorder
- HM & Dory

Question 6

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 6

Loss of memories formed before trauma

Question 7

Hippocampus

Answer 7

• Located in medial temporal lobe
• Crucial for memory formation
• Location for memory consolidation

Question 8

Spatial Memory

Answer 8

Dependent on Hippocampus

Question 9

Place cells

Answer 9

• Located in hippocampus
• Only fire in specified location in current context
• Most complex

Question 10

Grid Cells

Answer 10

• Located in entorhinal cortex
• Fire when crossing intersection points in checkerboard pattern

Question 11

Border Cells

Answer 11

• Located in entorhinal cortex
• Fire when arriving at perimeter or edge

Question 12

Hippocampal Replay

Answer 12

• Place cell sequence fired in sequential order in hippocampus
• Original sequence when task preserved but sped up
• Memory consolidation in sleep
• Interference disrupts memory itself

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

Form of associative learning
(Non-declarative memory)
Positive & Negative Reinforcement

Question 14

Classical conditioning

Answer 14

Form of associative learning
(Non-declarative memory)
Initially neutral stimulus comes to predict an event
Amygdala

Question 15

Fear conditioning

Answer 15

Classical Conditioning
- Mouse associates audible tone with shock
Hippocampus required
- represents time delay
- Amygdala

Question 16

Engram

Answer 16

Neural circuit that is reactivated to retrieve memory
- Retrieval makes plastic
- Reconsolidation