1
Q
What is classical conditioning?
A
A learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response.
2
Q
Who discovered classical conditioning?
A
Ivan Pavlov
3
Q
What is the unconditioned stimulus (US) in Pavlov’s experiment?
A
Meat powder
4
Q
What is the unconditioned response (UR) in Pavlov’s experiment?
A
Salivation
5
Q
What does NS stand for in classical conditioning?
A
Neutral Stimulus
6
Q
What is the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov’s experiment?
A
Bell
7
Q
What is the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov’s experiment?
A
Salivation to the bell
8
Q
True or False: Classical conditioning is a major factor in the development of phobias.
A
True
9
Q
What is delay conditioning?
A
The CS begins before the US and overlaps.
10
Q
What is trace conditioning?
A
The CS ends before the US begins.
11
Q
What is simultaneous conditioning?
A
The CS and US are presented at the same time.
12
Q
What is backward conditioning?
A
The US precedes the CS.
13
Q
What is latent inhibition?
A
Prior exposure to the CS or US slows down the acquisition of the conditioned response.
14
Q
What occurs during classical extinction?
A
The CS is presented without the US, leading to a weakening of the CR.
15
Q
What is spontaneous recovery?
A
The reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction when the CS is presented again.
16
Q
What is stimulus generalization?
A
When stimuli similar to the CS also elicit the CR.
17
Q
What is stimulus discrimination?
A
The ability to distinguish between similar stimuli and respond only to the specific CS.
18
Q
What is experimental neurosis?
A
Emotional distress or disorganized behavior due to exposure to conflicting stimuli.
19
Q
What is higher-order conditioning?
A
When a conditioned stimulus is used to condition a new neutral stimulus without the original unconditioned stimulus.
20
Q
What is blocking in classical conditioning?
A
When a previously learned CS prevents the acquisition of a new CS because the US is already predicted.
21
Q
What is overshadowing?
A
When a more salient stimulus dominates learning, reducing conditioning to a less noticeable one.
22
Q
Who is associated with the Little Albert experiment?
A
John B. Watson and Rayner
23
Q
What is counterconditioning?
A
Replacing a maladaptive response to a stimulus with a more adaptive one.
24
Q
What is reciprocal inhibition?
A
The idea that anxiety can be inhibited by a response that is physiologically incompatible, such as relaxation.
25
What are the four stages of systematic desensitization?
* Relaxation Training
* Construction of an Anxiety Hierarchy
* Desensitization in Imagination (In Vitro)
* In Vivo Desensitization
26
What is in vivo aversion therapy?
Real-life pairing of the target behavior with an aversive stimulus.
27
What is covert sensitization?
A form of aversive counterconditioning that uses mental imagery instead of real-life stimuli.
28
True or False: Aversive counterconditioning aims to reduce the attractiveness of a behavior by creating a negative association.
True
29
What is covert sensitization effective for?
Sexual dysfunctions, addictions, and impulse-control issues
## Footnote
Covert sensitization involves using aversive imagery to discourage unwanted behaviors.
30
How is covert sensitization often combined in therapy?
With relaxation training and cognitive restructuring
## Footnote
This combination helps clients manage anxiety and restructure their thoughts.
31
Provide an example of covert sensitization.
A client imagines smoking and then visualizes becoming violently ill
## Footnote
This aversive imagery aims to make the thought of smoking undesirable.
32
What is classical extinction?
It occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, weakening the conditioned response
## Footnote
This principle is used to reduce maladaptive fear and anxiety responses.
33
What does Mowrer’s Two-Factor Theory of Learning explain?
How fear-based behaviors are acquired and maintained through classical and operant conditioning
## Footnote
This theory addresses the development and persistence of fears.
34
What is the first factor in Mowrer’s Two-Factor Theory?
Classical Conditioning — Acquisition of Fear
## Footnote
A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through pairing with an aversive unconditioned stimulus.
35
What is the second factor in Mowrer’s Two-Factor Theory?
Operant Conditioning — Maintenance of Avoidance
## Footnote
Avoidance behavior is negatively reinforced by the relief from fear.
36
What does in vivo exposure with response prevention involve?
Direct, prolonged exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli without allowing escape or avoidance
## Footnote
This method promotes extinction of anxiety responses.
37
What is flooding in the context of exposure therapy?
Immediate and intense exposure to the most feared stimulus
## Footnote
Flooding aims to desensitize clients to their fears.
38
What is implosive therapy?
A form of imaginal flooding that combines intense exposure with psychodynamic interpretation
## Footnote
This therapy aims to uncover deeper emotional conflicts while extinguishing fear.
39
What is the primary technique used in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)?
Bilateral stimulation, typically through eye movements
## Footnote
EMDR helps clients process traumatic memories.
40
What is the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model?
It posits that trauma symptoms arise when distressing experiences are incompletely processed
## Footnote
The model supports the mechanism of EMDR.
41
List the eight treatment phases of EMDR.
* Client History
* Preparation
* Assessment
* Desensitization
* Installation
* Body Scan
* Closure
* Reevaluation
## Footnote
Each phase is crucial for effective treatment.
42
What is the Law of Effect proposed by Edward L. Thorndike?
Behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
## Footnote
This principle is foundational for operant conditioning.
43
What does operant conditioning focus on?
The association between behavior and consequence
## Footnote
It contrasts with classical conditioning, which focuses on stimuli.
44
Define positive reinforcement.
Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase behavior
## Footnote
Example: Giving praise for completing homework.
45
Define negative punishment.
Removing a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
## Footnote
Example: Taking away phone privileges.
46
What is operant extinction?
When a previously reinforced behavior decreases in frequency due to lack of reinforcement
## Footnote
This concept is key in behavior modification strategies.
47
What is an extinction burst?
A temporary increase in behavior's intensity when reinforcement is removed
## Footnote
This often includes frustration or aggression.
48
What is behavioral contrast?
When a change in reinforcement in one setting affects behavior in another setting
## Footnote
This phenomenon highlights the importance of consistent reinforcement strategies.
49
Differentiate between primary and secondary reinforcers.
* Primary Reinforcers: Naturally reinforcing (e.g., food, water)
* Secondary Reinforcers: Acquired value through association (e.g., money, praise)
## Footnote
Token economies often use secondary reinforcers.
50
What are the four schedules of reinforcement?
* Continuous Schedule
* Fixed Ratio (FR)
* Variable Ratio (VR)
* Fixed Interval (FI)
* Variable Interval (VI)
## Footnote
Each schedule affects behavior acquisition and resistance to extinction differently.
51
What is Fixed Ratio (FR) in reinforcement schedules?
Reinforce after a set number of responses
## Footnote
Behavior pattern: High response rate with post-reinforcement pause
52
What is Variable Ratio (VR) in reinforcement schedules?
Reinforce after a variable number of responses
## Footnote
Behavior pattern: High, steady rate; most resistant to extinction (e.g., gambling)
53
What is Fixed Interval (FI) in reinforcement schedules?
Reinforce after a fixed time period
## Footnote
Behavior pattern: Scalloped pattern: responses increase near interval end
54
What is Variable Interval (VI) in reinforcement schedules?
Reinforce after varying time intervals
## Footnote
Behavior pattern: Moderate, steady response rate
55
True or False: Variable ratio schedules produce the most persistent behaviors.
True
## Footnote
A favorite test item.
56
What does the matching law state?
The rate of responding matches the rate of reinforcement across available choices
## Footnote
Example: A student receives more praise for participating in science class than math.
57
What is superstitious behavior?
Occurs when a behavior is accidentally reinforced, leading the individual to believe it caused the outcome
## Footnote
Example: A pigeon receives food every 15 seconds regardless of behavior.
58
What is stimulus control?
Behavior is influenced by the presence or absence of a discriminative stimulus (SD) that signals reinforcement availability
## Footnote
Example: A child raises their hand only when the teacher is present.
59
Define stimulus generalization.
Behavior occurs in response to similar stimuli
## Footnote
Example: A child fears all dogs after being bitten by one.
60
Define response generalization.
Variations of a learned behavior are reinforced
## Footnote
Example: A child praised for saying 'hello' also waves or says 'hi'.
61
What is escape conditioning?
Behavior removes an aversive stimulus
## Footnote
Example: Leaving a noisy room to reduce discomfort.
62
What is avoidance conditioning?
Behavior prevents an aversive stimulus
## Footnote
Example: Studying to avoid failing a test.
63
What is shaping in operant conditioning?
Reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior
## Footnote
Example: A child learning to speak is reinforced for making sounds, then syllables, then full words.
64
What is chaining in behavior modification?
Teaching a complex behavior by breaking it into smaller steps and reinforcing each link
## Footnote
Types include forward chaining and backward chaining.
65
What does the Premack Principle state?
A high-probability behavior can reinforce a low-probability behavior
## Footnote
Example: 'You can play video games after you finish your homework.'
66
What is differential reinforcement?
Increases desired behavior by reinforcing specific alternatives and withholding reinforcement for undesired behavior
## Footnote
Types include DRI, DRA, and DRO.
67
What are the two types of positive punishment?
* Adding an aversive stimulus
* Removing a pleasant stimulus
68
What factors influence the effectiveness of punishment?
* Immediacy
* Consistency
* Intensity
* Verbal clarification
* Removal of positive reinforcement
* Reinforcement for alternative behaviors
69
What is overcorrection?
A form of positive punishment where the individual must correct the consequences of their behavior and practice appropriate alternatives
## Footnote
Types include restitution overcorrection and positive practice overcorrection.
70
What is negative practice?
Involves repeated performance of the undesired behavior to reduce its occurrence
## Footnote
Example: Intentionally repeating a motor tic.
71
What is a response cost?
A form of negative punishment where a reinforcer is removed following a behavior
## Footnote
Example: A child loses a token for interrupting others.
72
What is time-out from reinforcement?
Removing access to positive reinforcement for a brief period
## Footnote
Example: A child is placed in a quiet corner for 5 minutes after hitting.
73
What does extinction involve?
Withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior, leading to a decrease in that behavior over time
## Footnote
Example: Ignoring tantrums every time.
74
What are the five elements of an effective contingency contract?
* Explicit terms
* Monitoring
* Sanctions
* Bonuses
* Record-keeping
75
What is a token economy?
Uses tokens to shape behavior, which can be exchanged for backup reinforcers
## Footnote
Example: Students earn tokens for completing tasks.
76
What is social skills training (SST)?
Used to improve communication, assertiveness, problem-solving, and other socially adaptive skills
## Footnote
Techniques include modeling, coaching, and reinforcement.
77
What is latent learning?
Learning that occurs without reinforcement and is not immediately demonstrated until there's motivation to perform
## Footnote
Example: A child describes a familiar route despite never having driven it.
78
What is insight learning?
A sudden reorganization of information that leads to problem-solving
## Footnote
Example: A client realizes their avoidance stems from early attachment experiences.
79
What is insight learning?
Involves a sudden reorganization of information leading to problem-solving through cognitive restructuring.
80
Who conducted experiments demonstrating insight learning with chimpanzees?
Köhler.
81
What did Köhler's chimpanzee Sultan demonstrate?
Used sticks to reach bananas, showcasing insight learning.
82
How can insight learning manifest in a therapeutic context?
A client realizes their avoidance pattern stems from early attachment experiences.
83
What psychological approach roots insight learning?
Gestalt psychology.
84
What is observational learning?
Learning behavior through observing others, rather than direct reinforcement.
85
What study did Bandura conduct to illustrate observational learning?
The Bobo doll study (1961).
86
What was the main finding of the Bobo doll study?
Children imitate aggressive behavior after observing adults acting violently.
87
List the four processes involved in observational learning.
* Attentional Processes
* Retention Processes
* Production Processes
* Motivational Processes
88
What are effective model characteristics in observational learning?
* Similar to the observer
* Competent
* High-status
* Warm and nurturing
89
What is guided participation?
Involves the observer watching a model and then performing the behavior with support.
90
Define self-efficacy.
The belief in one’s ability to perform a behavior successfully.
91
What are the four informational sources that impact self-efficacy?
* Enactive Attainment
* Vicarious Experience
* Verbal Persuasion
* Emotional & Physiological States
92
What does reciprocal determinism refer to?
The interaction between overt behavior, personal factors, and environment.
93
What is learned helplessness?
Occurs when an individual believes their actions have no impact on outcomes after repeated exposure to uncontrollable events.
94
Describe Seligman & Maier's classic experiment on learned helplessness.
Dogs inescapably shocked did not escape when later given the chance.
95
What does the attributional reformulation of learned helplessness emphasize?
Individuals attribute failure to internal, stable, and global causes.
96
What is the focus of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
The interconnectedness of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, addressing maladaptive cognitions.
97
What are key assumptions of CBT?
* Psychological problems stem from distorted thinking
* Clients can learn to identify and challenge maladaptive thoughts
* Therapy is structured and goal-oriented
98
What does Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) focus on?
Identifying and disputing irrational beliefs that lead to emotional distress.
99
What is the ABC model in REBT?
* A: Activating event
* B: Belief
* C: Consequence
100
What are cognitive targets in Beck's Cognitive Therapy?
* Schemas
* Automatic Thoughts
* Cognitive Distortions
101
Name a cognitive distortion that involves viewing situations in black-and-white.
All-or-Nothing Thinking.
102
What is the downward arrow technique used for?
To uncover core beliefs by asking, 'If that’s true, what does it mean?'
103
What is the purpose of stress inoculation training?
To build resilience against stress through education and practice.
104
List the three phases of stress inoculation training.
* Conceptualization
* Skills Acquisition
* Application
105
What is the focus of problem-solving therapy?
Structured methods to resolve real-life problems and reduce emotional distress.
106
What does self-control therapy target?
Self-regulation deficits in depression.
107
What is Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Model of Depression?
Posits that depression results from low rates of positive reinforcement and skill deficits.
108
What are self-management procedures?
Techniques emphasizing the client’s responsibility for modifying their own behavior.
109
What does biofeedback measure?
Physiological states using equipment like EMG, EEG, and heart rate monitors.
110
What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?
A third-wave CBT model that helps clients live meaningful lives by cultivating acceptance.
111
What are relaxation techniques often as effective as for reducing anxiety and tension-related symptoms?
Biofeedback
## Footnote
Examples include diaphragmatic breathing and progressive muscle relaxation
112
What is the best practice for comprehensive care in managing anxiety and tension-related symptoms?
Combine biofeedback with cognitive restructuring and behavioral activation
113
What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)?
A third-wave CBT model that helps clients live more meaningful lives by cultivating psychological flexibility
114
What does ACT emphasize compared to traditional CBT?
Changing the relationship to thoughts instead of changing the content of thoughts
115
What are the six core processes of ACT?
* Acceptance
* Cognitive Defusion
* Being Present
* Self-as-Context
* Values
* Committed Action
116
What is the process of encoding in memory?
Transforming sensory input into a memory trace
117
What is the storage process in memory?
Maintaining information over time
118
What is retrieval in the context of memory?
Accessing stored information when needed
119
What are the components of the Information-Processing (Multi-Store) Model?
* Sensory Memory
* Short-Term Memory (STM)
* Long-Term Memory (LTM)
120
What does the Serial Position Effect describe?
People tend to recall primacy and recency items
121
What does the Levels-of-Processing Model state about memory retention?
It depends on the depth of processing
122
What are the two types of Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
* Procedural
* Declarative
123
What are the two subtypes of Declarative memory?
* Semantic
* Episodic
124
What is prospective memory?
Remembering to perform a future action
125
What happens to time-based prospective memory as one ages?
It declines with age
126
What is the impact of attention on memory?
Essential for encoding; divided attention can impair memory formation
127
What are the four components of Baddeley's Multi-Component Model of Working Memory?
* Central Executive
* Phonological Loop
* Visuospatial Sketchpad
* Episodic Buffer
128
What does Broadbent's Filter Theory explain?
How information is transferred from sensory memory with one stream processed at a time
129
What are the two stages in Treisman's Feature-Integration Theory?
* Pre-attentive
* Focused attention
130
Who pioneered the experimental study of memory and forgetting?
Hermann Ebbinghaus
131
What does Trace Decay Theory suggest?
Memory traces fade over time due to disuse
132
What is proactive interference?
Old memories interfere with new learning
133
What is retroactive interference?
New learning disrupts old memories
134
What is cue-dependent forgetting?
Memory is stored but inaccessible without proper retrieval cues
135
What is the Encoding Specificity Principle?
Memory is best retrieved when the context matches the encoding environment
136
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Linking new info to existing knowledge to improve retention
137
Name a visual mnemonic device.
Method of Loci
## Footnote
Visualize items with a series of places already in memory
138
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
Describes an inverted-U relationship between arousal and performance
139
What type of memory impairment is common in ADHD?
Working memory deficits
140
What is the role of mnemonics in clinical practice?
Help trainees retain diagnostic criteria and intervention steps
EPPP
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# Cards
