Learning Objectives Flashcards by Lauren Unknown

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Differentiate between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

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Define different types of human cells

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Discuss the structure and function of the human cell components [nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane, cellular receptors].

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Examine cellular communication and signal transduction.

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Briefly discuss cell to cell adhesions.

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Differentiate between the 5 cellular adaptations [atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia [non-adaptive], metaplasia] and indicate common clinical examples for each.

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Explain cellular injury [mechanisms, unintentional/unintentional, hypoxia, Infectious, Immunologic/Inflammatory Injury].

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Analyze the manifestations of cellular injury: accumulation of excessive normal/abnormal substances.

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Explain cellular death including necrosis, apoptosis, autophagy.

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Examine the defining features of somatic death.

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Describe basic pharmacokinetic principles and discuss how they are used to guide drug therapy.

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Describe basic pharmacodynamic principles and discuss how they are used to guide drug therapy.

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Describe the significance of the CYP450 enzyme family and be able to predict drug interactions.

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Discuss various types of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and describe methods to identify and prevent ADRs.

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Identify patient-specific factors which influence drug therapy decisions across the lifespan including pregnancy/breastfeeding, pediatric and geriatric populations [Note: in the readings for pregnancy/pediatrics/geriatrics, do not memorize specific drug lists/tables or end-of-life care table, this will be covered later in the program].

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Discuss how genetic variants cause and express disease.

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Explain various genetic testing methods, outcomes and interpretation considerations

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Discuss common genetic conditions that are dominant/recessive and sex linked

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Discuss an overview of genetic services across the lifespan

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Review basic information about genetics

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Articulate the legislation governing the prescribing of opioid analgesics in Canada.

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Discuss the prescription-writing and prescription-dispensing strategies for controlled drugs and substances (including opioids) and how these differ from non-opioid prescription-writing and prescription-dispensing strategies.

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Write a safe and effective prescription that meets all legal requirements

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Utilize the process of diagnostic reasoning

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Define prognostic, pragmatic and probabilistic approaches to diagnosis

Describe the components and functions of blood.

Discuss the structure and function of the cellular components of blood [Erythrocytes [RBC, myeloid line, erythropoietin (EPO)], Leucocytes [WBC, lymphoid line], Platelets]

Discuss the function of plasma and plasma proteins

Know adult parameters and value ranges for Hb MCV MCHC and Hct

Describe the process of haematopoiesis & cytokines.

Provide an overview of the pathophysiology associated with anemia, including but not limited to: Anemia of chronic disease Iron deficiency anemia B12 anemia Folate deficiency Sickle cell anemia (include an understanding of the genetic underpinnings)

Discuss the impact of anemia on the cardiac system

Describe how anemia affects the respiratory system

Describe how CBC and the RBC indices are used to diagnose anemia

Outline the concerns associated with Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in children

Describe coagulation Primary hemostasis Secondary hemostasis Describe the mechanism of thrombus formation and associated pathophysiologic states

Review the basic characteristics of cancer cells (compared to normal cells)

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Summarize the characteristics of cancer biology Replicative Immortality Angiogenesis Resisting apoptosis

Summarize the characteristics of cancer biology

Replicative Immortality Angiogenesis Resisting apoptosis

Describe the role of chronic inflammation in regard to cancer

Discuss the interplay of genetics and the development of cancer

Discuss the key characteristics that are the hallmark of cancer cells that enable them to spread/cause disease.

Describe the mechanisms underlying tumour metastasis.

escribe the use of the following cancer therapies: chemotherapy radiation surgery immune cell therapy

Discuss possible complications associated with cancer therapies and why these occur. Infection Immune Related Adverse Events (IrAE) Describe safe handling of chemotherapy medication.

Describe TMN staging

Compare and contrast characteristics of childhood cancer with adult onset cancer

Describe the prevalence of the following cancers affecting Canadians lung, breast, colorectal, prostate leukemia, lymphoma

Review Canadian cancer screening guidelines

Discuss the use of anti-nausea medications in cancer care. Include a description of the MOA, clinical indication and possible adverse effects. Serotonin receptor antagonists: Ondansetron Dimenhydrinate Dexamethasone Aprepitant Olanzapine

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st Line of Defense: 1. Discuss the three main defense mechanisms: Physical and Mechanical Barriers Biochemical Barriers Human Microbiome

2. Analyze the four characteristics of the inflammatory response.

3. Discuss the pathophysiology of acute inflammation including vascular, cellular, and chemical components.

4. Discuss plasma protein synthesis and the function of the following: Complement System [Classical, Lectin and Alternative pathways], Clotting system [Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways] and Kinin system.

5. Discuss the cellular components of inflammation including blood cell components [WBC/RBC], cellular receptors, and cellular products.

6. Discuss the mast cell degranulation and synthesis as well as the function of the following: Histamine, platelet activating factor, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, chemotactants, and grown factor.

7. Discuss the cellular components and macrophage activation process and the function of the following: TNF alpha, interleukins, and interferons [see mast cell discussion].

8. Discuss the role of the dendritic cells and lymphocytes [neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils] and how this will eventually support the adaptive immunity response.

9. Describe the cellular and vascular events that create local and systemic clinical/systemic manifestations of inflammation: edema, erythema, heat, pain, loss of function and fever, .

10. Describe the cellular and vascular events the provide systemic diagnostic evidence for inflammation including leukocytosis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and c-reactive protein production.

12. Discuss the three phases of wound healing and dysfunction associated with healing.

11. Differentiate btw acute vs chronic inflammation.

13. Discuss the aged-related factors affecting innate immunity in the geriatric population.

14. Discuss age-related factors affecting innate immunity in the newborn.

15 Briefly discuss the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA]

Review the pharmacology associated with the following drugs: [indications for 1st line/2nd line, mechanism of action, contraindications, side-effects, drug interactions, education [including red flags], monitoring/follow up, special populations [e.g., pediatric, pregnancy, geriatric, persons with renal failure]. You do not need to know dosing. Antihistamines Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) [note ASA and Reye syndrome in the pediatric population] Acetaminophen Glucocorticoids

Discuss the pharmacology associated with the following RA drugs: Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs [DMARDS] Indications for 1st line/2nd line, mechanism of action, contraindications, side-effects, drug interactions, education [including red flags], monitoring/follow up, special populations [e.g., pediatric, pregnancy, geriatric, persons with renal failure]. You do not need to know dosing. Methotrexate [Folic Acid Supplementation] Hydroxychloroquine

Biologic Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs [BDMARDS] Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors [general classification, mechanism of action, monitoring considerations only] B-Lymphocyte-Depleting Agents [general classification, mechanism of action, monitoring considerations only] Interleukin-6 Receptor Antagonists [general classification, mechanism of action, monitoring considerations only]