Learning Processes

Question 1

Learning Style

Answer 1

the manner in which a student learns best

Example.
Visual Learning

Question 2

Metacognition

Answer 2

the awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes, enabling students to monitor, control, and reflect on their learning strategies and problem-solving techniques to enhance their cognitive abilities

Question 3

Self-Directed Learning

Answer 3

students beginning to take responsibility for their own education and developing a sense of ownership in their learning

Question 4

Activate Prior Knowledge

Answer 4

helping students remember what they already know about the topic

Question 5

Questioning

Answer 5

Asking questions to gather information

Example.
Troubleshoot an issue, design a questionnaire

Question 6

Manipulatives

Answer 6

objects used by students to illustrate and explore mathematical concepts, such as to represent numbers in an equation

Example.
Blocks, Coins

Question 7

Kinesthetic Learning / Tactile Learning

Answer 7

Learning primarily by touching things or doing an activity

Example.
create and act out plays or skits

Question 8

Graphic Organizer

Answer 8

a visual display of the relationships between facts and ideas

Example.
Graphic organizers, such as story maps, timelines, venn diagrams and K-W-L charts, help students organize information.

Question 9

Annotate

Answer 9

making notes in a text and questioning unfamiliar ideas while reading something new

Question 10

Auditory Methods

Answer 10

Lessons using materials for students to listen to.

Example.
speeches, music, or direct instruction

Question 11

Auditory Learning

Answer 11

Learning primarily by hearing things

Example.
Lectures

Question 12

Open-Ended Question

Answer 12

questions that require more than a simple “yes” or “no” response and promote whole class and small group discussion

Example.
A question posed as a statement, such as “Tell me about the relationship between the main characters in the novel” is an open-ended question.

Question 13

Concrete Examples

Answer 13

hands-on materials or real-world scenarios used to illustrate abstract concepts

Question 14

Visual Learning

Answer 14

Learning primarily by seeing things

Example.
Written examples

Question 15

Visual Methods

Answer 15

Lessons using materials for students to view.

Example.
maps, images, political cartoons, multimedia presentations and graphs

Question 16

Tactile Methods

Answer 16

Lessons using materials for students to touch and handle.

Example.
Encouraging students to take notes, use study sheets, build dioramas or models

Question 17

Anticipation Guide

Answer 17

a series of statements used to preview and activate prior knowledge before reading a text

Question 18

An 8th-grade student who is typically high-performing and cheery is suddenly acting withdrawn and performing poorly on exams and assignments. When the teacher pulls the student aside during class to ask her if she is okay, she looks around and says that everything is fine. Which of the following is likely to be the reason for her sudden change in behavior?

a She is not feeling well.

b She is experiencing bullying by students in the class outside of class time.

c She does not understand the new material being taught and may need additional help.

d She is feeling embarrassed about asking for academic help.

Answer 18

Option b is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Middle and high school is a particularly difficult social stage and students may experience bullying or other social issues. When a student does not feel safe at school, they are likely to also struggle academically. When a student’s behavior or academic performance suddenly changes, teachers should check in with the student and their family and potentially connect them with a school counselor, as these can be indicators of a serious external issue such as abuse or bullying.

Question 19

Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial for a visual learner who is struggling to differentiate between DNA and RNA?

a Ask the student to color a picture of the DNA molecule and RNA molecule. Ask the student to highlight the differences.

b Ask the student to build a model of the DNA molecule and label the parts that would be different in an RNA molecule.

c Ask the student to watch a documentary over the discovery of the DNA molecule.

d Ask the student to compose a song about the differences between DNA and RNA molecules.

Answer 19

correct
Option a is the correct answer.
Explanation:
This intervention will give the student a visual product that they can reference in the future to easily see the differences between DNA and RNA.

Question 20

Rachel is more physically developed than her sixth-grade peers in a heterogeneous class of computer literacy. As part of a daily routine, students are given five websites they can choose to explore individually. Although she does not disrupt the class, Rachel never selects a website and often ignores directions, opting instead to write angry messages. Based on this information, what is the best assessment of Rachel’s behavior?

a She is responding to personal, physical, or social changes and interactions.

b She is exhibiting signs of cognitive limitations and needs to be referred for testing.

c She is not ready to have choices and needs to be given an assignment.

d She is reflecting a limited access to technology experience outside of school.

Answer 20

correct
Option a is the correct answer.
Explanation:
This is the correct answer. The need to be given an assignment is not indicated, since students are given limited choices in keeping with the middle school students’ expectation to begin more independent decision-making. In fact, directives and limitations might provoke rebellion in Rachel. There is no information given to assume that she has cognitive limitations, and while she may have limited access to technology outside of school, any limitation would likely be irrelevant in this situation. She is responding to personal changes and interactions with her environment.

Question 21

Which of the following actions of a middle school teacher would best assist students in developing a positive self-concept?

a Allow students to help plan and implement instructional activities.

b Help students to become more proficient and competent in areas they value.

c Become a role model for students.

d Group students together who have similar academic achievement levels.

Answer 21

Option b is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Helping students become proficient in areas they value would be very useful to build a positive self-concept, because the students attach value to these areas. By increasing the student’s proficiency in them, the educator encourages the student to become better at a field they value.

Question 22

Mr. Ivin’s algebra class is learning the Pythagorean Theorem. He has two students who are auditory learners and are struggling with the concept. What activity would best help them learn the theorem?

a Have students draw triangles and assign number values to the sides that fit with the theorem.

b Teach the class a short song that has the key components of the pythagorean theorem.

c Create a mnemonic device with motions so students “act out” the theorem.

d Assign an essay over the development of the theorem.

Answer 22

correct
Option b is the correct answer.
Explanation:
This is best suited for auditory learners to retain information.

Question 23

Which of the following strategies provides instruction that supports all levels of cognitive development?

a reinforcing challenging concepts with real-world scenarios and opportunities to apply new skills

b conducting formative assessments at regular intervals

c allowing advanced students to work independently during direct instruction time

d pairing high achieving and low achieving students together for tutoring sessions

Answer 23

correct
Option a is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Connecting challenging concepts with real-world scenarios will help students to access prior knowledge and retain new information. Application of new skills can be differentiated so that students are given different activities based on current levels of development.

Question 24

Which of the following activities for studying cell organelles would best serve a kinesthetic learner?

a making a list of cell organelles, their structures, and their functions

b drawing a picture of a cell and labelling the organelles

c assigning each student an organelle and acting out a play about them

d watching a narrated video about cell organelles

Answer 24

correct
Option c is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Acting in a play would best serve a kinesthetic learner, who learns by doing. Assigning each organelle as a character would help the student draw connections between organelles and show how they work together.

Question 25

Which of the following terms describes the cognitive process represented when the student writes questions in the margin of a current event article in social studies class? a metacognition b self-efficacy c activating prior knowledge d collaboration

Answer 25

correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: Questioning is one way that students can demonstrate thinking about their learning process which is part of metacognition.

Question 26

A class is learning about the different eras of innovation, from the Industrial Revolution to modern times. As part of the unit, the teacher asks students to choose any invention that has influenced their lives in a drastic way and write about the history of that invention. She gives the students a choice because giving students a choice: a increases their intrinsic motivation b makes them more accountable for their work c improves their cognitive awareness d encourages them to challenge themselves

Answer 26

correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: Students learn better if they can relate a topic to their lives. This increases their intrinsic motivation, or the motivation to do something because it's enjoyable and interesting, rather than because of an outside incentive, such as a reward.

Question 27

Henri is an ELL student from France. Henri's teacher has observed that he likes to read out loud to himself and he often repeats what she says in his own voice. He isn't afraid to speak up in class and always performs well on listening tasks. According to these details, Henri's teacher can infer that he is a(n): a kinesthetic learner. b visual learner. c auditory learner. d linguistic learner.

Answer 27

correct Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: Auditory learners tend to learn better when the subject matter is reinforced by sound.

Question 28

A science teacher uses labs to reinforce concepts taught in class. Students must read the lab as they participate, then turn in a written conclusion that has at least one illustration and one graph. Then, they will receive points for a class discussion about data at the end. What type of learner is the teacher targeting? a visual b auditory c all of the above d kinesthetic

Answer 28

Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: The discussion will target auditory learners. Reading the lab, drawing a picture, and creating a graph will target visual learners. Doing the lab and working with materials will target kinesthetic learners. incorrect Option a is the wrong answer. Explanation: This answer is correct, but is not the best response. Reading the lab, drawing a picture, and creating a graph will target visual learners. The discussion will target auditory learners. Doing the lab and working with materials will target kinesthetic learners.

Question 29

Conner is a sixth-grade student who consistently forgets to bring his homework and the necessary school supplies (paper, notebook, pen or pencil) to his classes. Repeated reminders and grade penalties have not changed his organizational skills, but he readily admits that he needs to get organized. His language arts teacher meets with him to develop a system and checklist for keeping track of his assignments. She has him report to her, at first daily and then weekly. What is the best reason that this plan would likely help Conner? a Positive interactions with an adult will help him generate a positive attitude toward school and learning. b The system allows him to select and change the process to suit his individual strengths and needs. c A system will help him learn how to monitor his own progress and performance more effectively. d Higher-order thinking skills and problem-solving will enhance his learning and performance.

Answer 29

correct Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: Establishing a system that will help the student learn to monitor his own progress and performance over time is the best option to help Conner.

Question 30

Which of the following activities for studying cell organelles would best serve a kinesthetic learner? a assigning each student an organelle and acting out a play about them b drawing a picture of a cell and labelling the organelles c watching a narrated video about cell organelles d making a list of cell organelles, their structures, and their functions

Answer 30

correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: Acting in a play would best serve a kinesthetic learner, who learns by doing. Assigning each organelle as a character would help the student draw connections between organelles and show how they work together.

Question 31

A teacher knows that activating students' prior knowledge before learning about a new topic is a great way to engage students and improve their learning experience. Which of the following activities can she use to accomplish this? Select all answers that apply. a an outline b a concept map c an anticipatory guide d a brainstorming session

Answer 31

correct Option b is the correct answer. Explanation: Asking students to create concept maps can help a teacher to assess the prior knowledge of students. A concept map is a visual representation of information that depicts the relationships between concepts. Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: An anticipatory guide is a comprehension strategy in which students respond to several statements that challenge or support their beliefs before reading a text or watching/listening to a video. Option d is the correct answer. Explanation: A brainstorming session is prompted by a question or comment by the teacher. When conducted before reading a text or watching a video, a brainstorming session is a great way to tap into students' prior knowledge.

Question 32

Which of the following activities would be most effective for a tactile learner to learn about the phases of mitosis? a Use color-coded pieces of yarn to represent the chromosomes. The yarn acts as a manipulative the student can use to represent the phases of mitosis. b Prepare slides of cells in different phases of mitosis. Ask the student to view the slides under a microscope and identify the phases. c Give the student a diagram of the phases of mitosis and ask them to color each phase. d Ask the student to prepare a slideshow and give a presentation over the phases of mitosis.

Answer 32

correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: This activity would benefit a tactile learner the most, because it involves physical activity on the part of the student in order to represent the phases.

Question 33

Ms. Davidson creates a very detailed syllabus at the start of the school year for her 8th-grade science class. Every week she introduces a new concept, and once a week, her students conduct an experiment related to the topic in a science lab. She has been following the same curriculum and using the same materials for years. Recently, she has felt that her students aren't as engaged as she would like. Which of the following activities is most likely to increase student motivation? a having students work in small groups to complete assignments b providing students with visual scaffolds to assist their learning c clearly stating the lesson objectives at the start of each class d allowing students to choose the theme and methods to try in their experiments

Answer 33

correct Option d is the correct answer. Explanation: Research shows that allowing students to have a say in their learning increases their motivation. When students are able to choose topics that interest them, they are more likely to be engaged.

Question 34

Which of the following examples would best help students to improve their skills of metacognition? a Have students create original creative writing pieces. b Give students the ability to choose their own assessments. c Teach learning strategies and have students pinpoint which work best with new assignments. d Create lessons that relate to different learning styles.

Answer 34

correct Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: In order to improve students' metacognition, or an awareness of how they learn and what they know, teachers should model different learning strategies (annotating text, graphic organizers, etc.) and discuss which methods work with certain content and lessons. In this way, students will begin to understand how to organize material for their own consumption.

Question 35

An eighth-grade student is having difficulty writing down homework and staying organized when gathering materials to transition to the next class period. Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping the student to become better organized and implement these strategies when preparing to transition between classes? a The student uses a self-monitoring chart that lists steps to take to record homework and organize materials before leaving the classroom. b The special education teacher writes homework in his agenda and hands any assignments to him as he leaves the classroom. c Student receives a piece of candy at the end of each class period if he records homework in his agenda book. d All students use the last five minutes of class to organize materials before transitioning to the next class period..

Answer 35

correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: Using a checklist will help the student to organize materials independently. Using the same checklist for each class will reinforce this skill.

Question 36

A third-grade teacher receives a new program for project-based learning on her classroom devices that allows students to illustrate and/or add text to a graphic. An example of a developmentally appropriate activity that best demonstrates the application of this technology to all individuals in her classroom would be to: a have groups of students complete a representation of the chapter book they are reading in their preferred format (illustration, graphic image, report, etc.). b give the students free time to explore the program for future use in-class projects. c have the students complete a walk-through tutorial of the program from a video. d have students draw the cover of the chapter book they are reading.

Answer 36

Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: By allowing the students to utilize the program via their unique learning methodology, the teacher is increasing engagement and access to the concept being taught. incorrect Option c is the wrong answer. Explanation: A walk-through tutorial would build fluency with the new program but does not allow for individual expression through the program and does not directly address academic content.

Question 37

An educator is teaching his second-grade class about the benefits of the metric system. Which of the following activities is the most effective way to convey its ease of use to second graders, as compared with the U.S. customary system of measurement? a Hand out objects of varying length and ask students to measure the lengths in centimeters and in inches. Discuss the results. b Watch a movie on the history and use of the metric system in the world today. Discuss the movie. c Ask students to convert various length measurements in both metric units and U.S. customary units. Discuss the conversion process for each. d Have students ask their parents or guardians which measurement system they prefer and why. Have students report their findings to the class.

Answer 37

correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: Measuring length with rulers is an appropriate task for second grade students. Second grade students can learn to use a metric ruler to measure and record tenths of a centimeter, and quickly accomplish this task on their own. Measuring and reporting lengths that are not multiples of ½ inch will be more difficult with the U.S customary system.

Question 38

Which of the following activities would be most suitable for an auditory learner during a unit on animal behavior? a Have students draw a flowchart organizing different types of social systems in animals. b Ask students to discuss various mating rituals in animals and share these with the class. c Ask students to write down a list of five examples of territorial behavior they observe in their daily life. d Ask students to write a song or rap about different social systems and make a music video to go along with it.

Answer 38

Option d is the correct answer. Explanation: Auditory learners learn best by using music and rhythm. This activity would allow students to use music to relate information. incorrect Option b is the wrong answer. Explanation: This activity is better suited to a dialogic learner.

Question 39

An English Language Arts teacher is planning a unit on literary genres. During a lesson on prose and poetry, the teacher guides students to complete a Venn diagram. This diagram enhances student learning by: a activating prior knowledge. b providing immediate feedback on understanding. c clarifying complex ideas. d allowing students to self-assess their learning.

Answer 39

Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: Visual aids like Venn diagrams can help students identify relationships and previously unknown patterns that clarify complex ideas. incorrect Option d is the wrong answer. Explanation: The teacher is guiding learning, which is unlikely to help students assess whether they have independently mastered the concepts.

Question 40

Mr. Lopez is introducing an instructional unit on World War II to his students. Before he begins an instructional activity, he asks each student to write five questions they have about World War II. At the end of the instructional unit, he returns the five questions and has the students provide answers to their questions. A primary reason for Mr. Lopez utilizing this instructional strategy is to help: a understand the students' previous misunderstandings of World War II and direct the instruction to target and correct student misunderstandings. b develop students' vocabulary about World War II. c encourage students to perform their own research about World War II. d students gain ownership of the learning material, and maintain student interest in the instructional concepts.

Answer 40

correct Option d is the correct answer. Explanation: It is important for students to gain ownership of instructional activities and concepts, because they will pay greater attention and increase their desire to learn the concepts presented when they feel a sense of ownership in the activities. If students want to learn, they will be able to seek out previous misunderstandings and correct them during regular instruction; students will also gain a better understanding of the material, as they will be more engaged during instruction.

Question 41

Which of the following types of learners would benefit most from the activity described below? A history class is learning about US presidents. The teacher asks each student to pick a president that they want to learn more about, and the class has a day in which the students dress up as the president and provide information about the goals they achieved during their term in office. a a logical learner b an auditory learner c a visual learner d a tactile learner

Answer 41

correct Option d is the correct answer. Explanation: A role-play activity, such as the one described, is a great activity for tactile or kinesthetic learners. These students learn best when they are involved in the learning process by doing.

Question 42

When instructing students to look through primary and secondary sources, the most important reason for offering as wide a variety of research media as possible is to: a enable all students to have access to at least one learning resource. b allow each student to use the medium that best suits their learning style. c set high expectations for the students' work. d convey the school's dedication to the students and foster a greater sense of community among classmates.

Answer 42

correct Option b is the correct answer. Explanation: Some students may be more comfortable and better suited to reading books than reading online. By allowing students to be comfortable in their research, it increases the possibility of enjoyment and productivity from the students.

Question 43

Which is the best way to help elementary students learn the scientific method? a Assign a month-long investigation that requires the students to use each part of the scientific method, in order. b Use ideas from the scientific method, with explicit instruction, in hands-on investigations throughout the year. c Read about how real scientists made discoveries by incorporating the scientific method in their work. d Teach a unit on the scientific method including explicit, ordered instruction followed by small experiments that highlight each part of the method.

Answer 43

correct Option b is the correct answer. Explanation: Enabling students to repeatedly follow the scientific method, along with explicit instruction focusing on what they are doing and what they could do next, leads to real student understanding about the process of doing science.

Question 44

Of the following, which would be most beneficial to students using the Internet for research purposes? a Demonstrate the most efficient ways to search for topics, identifying the best words to use and how punctuation can influence search results. b Explain that the first ten to twenty search engine results are the only websites a student needs to review. c Allow students to print the homepage to each page they find important on their research topic. d Have each student write ten search topics before beginning research on the Internet.

Answer 44

correct Option a is the correct answer. Explanation: Students need to be taught the best way to identify and search keywords on a research topic, as this will yield more effective search results in a shorter amount of time.

Question 45

Which of the following is a benefit of using open-ended questions with young learners? a They promote rote memorization. b They teach students how to respond simply and directly. c They encourage linguistic creativity and self-expression. d They increase the likelihood of a correct response, thus boosting student confidence.

Answer 45

correct Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: Open-ended questions are questions that require more than a simple "yes" or "no" answer and typically prompt a thoughtful, elaborative response. Asking open-ended questions prompts children to use more language, think creatively, and recognize that there can be multiple solutions to a problem. Additionally, the simple act of engaging children in conversation encourages linguistic creativity and self-expression.

Question 46

Which of the following examples would best help students to improve their skills of metacognition? a Create lessons that relate to different learning styles. b Have students create original creative writing pieces. c Teach learning strategies and have students pinpoint which work best with new assignments. d Give students the ability to choose their own assessments.

Answer 46

correct Option c is the correct answer. Explanation: In order to improve students' metacognition, or an awareness of how they learn and what they know, teachers should model different learning strategies (annotating text, graphic organizers, etc.) and discuss which methods work with certain content and lessons. In this way, students will begin to understand how to organize material for their own consumption.