Learning theories: Observations (Methodology) P1

Question 1

How can observations be systematic?

Answer 1

Through selectivity - We choose behaviours we want to focus on

Question 2

What types of data does observations generate?

Answer 2

Quantitative (number data), and qualitative (word data)

Question 3

What techniques are used to collect data from observations? (AO3 points too)

Answer 3

Tally counts - Limited in detail (dk motives, etc), good to compare

Observer narratives - More detail about behaviour

Audio or visual recordings - Can observe everything even if u miss it

Question 4

What 2 types of sampling techniques are used sometimes?

Answer 4

Event sampling, time sampling

Question 5

What are naturalistic observations?

Answer 5

Observing ppts in normal everyday environment

Question 6

Explain features of naturalistic observation:

Answer 6

• Used in situations where labs are unrealistic, high costs, or would affect ppt’s behaviour
• Unethical to manipulate variables
• No intervention from researcher
• Observes events as they happen

Question 7

What are structured/controlled observations?

Answer 7

Observations in situation thats been produced by experimenter specifically for observation (set up)

Question 8

Explain features of structured/controlled observations:

Answer 8

• Allows recording of observations better than in naturalistic
• Conducted in lab type setting, can manipulate
• Diff levels of structure
• Data conducted on facts, events, behaviour

Question 9

Whats an example of naturalistic observation?

Answer 9

Observing inmates in a prison

Question 10

Whats an example of controlled/structured observation?

Answer 10

The strange situation - observes interactions of mom + baby through 1 way mirror

Question 11

How many observational designs are there?

Answer 11

4

Question 12

Define overt observation:

Answer 12

Researcher is open about intentions + ensures all members of group are aware of whats happening

Those being observed are aware of presence of observer

Question 13

What is covert observation?

Answer 13

Identity of researcher, nature of the research project, + the fact that ppts are being observed are concealed from them

Question 14

What are the 3 contexts covert observation is conducted in?

Answer 14

• Public/open settings where everyone has a right to be
• Closed settings where researcher is already a member
• Closed settings where researcher gains access by acting as member