Immunology > Lec 32: > Flashcards

Lec 32: Flashcards

(19 cards)

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1
Q

What causes rapid graft rejection?

A

A: Major MHC mismatches

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2
Q

Q: What drives chronic rejection?

A

A: Minor histocompatibility antigens

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3
Q

Descr HLA genes

A

HLA genes are highly polymorphic

Most people are heterozygous

Both haplotypes are expressed

Only 1 in 4 siblings are HLA-identical

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4
Q

Why is HLA matching difficult?

A

A: Extreme polymorphism of HLA genes

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5
Q

What term describes how recipient T cells detect donor antigens?

A

Allo-recognition

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6
Q

Name the two allo-recognition pathways

A

A: Direct and indirect

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7
Q

What is direct allo-recognition?

A

Recipient T cells recognizing intact donor MHC

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8
Q

Which rejection type uses direct allo-recognition?

A

Acute rejection

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9
Q

What causes transplant rejection?

A

A: Immune responses to allo-antigens

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10
Q

Which rejection is antibody-mediated and immediate?

A

Hyperacute

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11
Q

What causes hyperacute rejection?

A

Pre-formed antibodies against donor antigens

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12
Q

Key traits of hyperacute rejection

A

Pre-existing antibodies

Type II hypersensitivity

Vascular thrombosis

Graft failure within hours

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13
Q

What is the defining feature of chronic rejection?

A

Fibrosis

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14
Q

In GVHD, who attacks whom?

A

Donor T cells attack the host

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15
Q

ways to prevent graft rejection

A

HLA matching

Immunosuppressive drugs

Pre- and post-transplant tolerization

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16
Q

What is the main role of immunosuppressive drugs?

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A

Prevent T cell activation

17
Q

Mechanism of Cyclosporine / Tacrolimus

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A

Block calcineurin

↓ IL-2

↓ T cell activation

18
Q

hat is the goal of tolerance induction therapies?

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A

A: Long-term graft acceptance without drugs

19
Q

Key raits of xenotransplantation

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A

Genetically modified animals

CRISPR-Cas9

Experimental, expensive

Infection risk

Immunology
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