Lecture 1

Question 1

what disease is caused by XYY karyotype

Answer 1

Jacobs disease

Question 2

what disease is caused by XXY karytype

Answer 2

Klinefelter

Question 3

what gene is necessary for male characteristics

Answer 3

SRY gene on Y chromosome
(sry k/o mice develop as females)

Question 4

which non coding RNA is responsible for X chromosome inactivation in females

Answer 4

IncRNA called Xist
coats one x chrom at random and renders it inactive

Question 5

which species are mostly polygynous

Answer 5

mammals

Question 6

features of polygynous

Answer 6

lots of competition between the bande to get the women

evolution of weapons on the bande to kill each other

dimorphic behvaiour (ie diff behaiour in males and females) is driven by sex steroids

abandonment of parental care by male

Question 7

features of monogomous animals

Answer 7

males and females share resources
no weapons
minimal dimorphic beh
sharing of parental care

Question 8

what specifically leads to dimorphism in beh growth and physiology in mammals

Answer 8

Females bear the cost of reproduction → males compete for access to them → competition drives males to evolve bigger bodies, more aggression, and hormone-driven behaviours, creating male–female differences

Question 9

rostral to caudal plan of mammalian brian

Answer 9

telen
dien (thalamus)
mesen
rhomben
spinal cord

Question 10

what is telencephalon split into, top to bottom

Answer 10

cortex
basal telen
olfactory bulb

Question 11

what is diencephalon split into

Answer 11

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 12

what is mesencephalon split into

Answer 12

tectum
tegmentum

Question 13

what is rhombencephalon splot into

Answer 13

cerebellum
pons
medulla

Question 14

what happens to size of hypothal as brain size changes

Answer 14

remains constant

Question 15

subdiviasions of hypothal from outside to inside

Answer 15

lateral
medial
periventricular
(inside is the third ventricle)

Question 16

what is right in front of pituitary

Answer 16

optic chiasm

Question 18

other name for pituitary

Answer 18

hypophysis

Question 19

name for posterior pit gland

Answer 19

neurohypophysis

Question 20

what hormones does neurohypophysis release

Answer 20

ADH and oxytocin

Question 21

what are the neurons in ant hypothalamus called

Answer 21

magnocellular neurons

Question 22

where do magnocellular neurons travel to

Answer 22

supraoptic-hypothalamic tract
down to post pituitary

Question 23

in the hypothalamus, what do magnocellular neurons make uP

Answer 23

the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Question 24

what is released from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Answer 24

oxytocin and vasopressin
form hypothal to ppg

Question 25

how does hypothal communicate w APG

Answer 25

hypothalamic-portal blood system NOT direct nervous connection unlike PPG

Question 26

name of neurons that lead to APG

Answer 26

parvocellular

Question 27

in hypothal, what do the parvocellular neurons make up

Answer 27

hypothalamic-hypophyseotrophic nuclei

Question 28

what do the parvocellular neurons release

Answer 28

releasing hormones which are released in median eminence carried to APG

Question 29

where is the hypothalamic portal blood system

Answer 29

made up of two capillary beds, one in the median eminence and the other in the anterior pituitary.

Question 30

benefit of the portal blood system

Answer 30

not lots of hormone needed cuz isnt diluted by blood

Question 31

what connects hypothal and pit

Answer 31

infundibular stalk

Question 32

which decapeptide was discovered purified by Guillemin and Schally

Answer 32

GnRH

Question 33

what type of secretion throught the gonadotrophin axis?

Answer 33

pulsaticle, from the GnRH to the LH from pituitary to the steroid from the gonads

Question 34

why is lh release slightly slower and gradual than the sharp pulsatile release of gnrh

Answer 34

The pituitary cells need time to respond to the GnRH spike. LH secretion and entry into the blood takes longer. LH also has a longer half-life in blood than GnRH.

Question 35

what hormone regulates gnrh

Answer 35

kisspeptin

Question 36

Corticotrophin releasing hormone: Direct action in brain + action via pituitary/endcrine system

Answer 36

- fearful beh, suppresses feeding (cuz stressed obvs) - acts on adrenals to release cortisol

Question 37

growth hormone releasing hormone: Direct action in brain + action via pituitary/endcrine system

Answer 37

- feeding beh - growth

Question 38

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone: Direct action in brain + action via pituitary/endcrine system

Answer 38

- lordosis - steroidogenesis and germ cell devleopment in gonads

Question 39

vasopressin Direct action in brain + action via pituitary/endcrine system

Answer 39

- aggressive/affiliative beh and thirst - water balance, BP, kidney function

Question 40

oxytocin Direct action in brain + action via pituitary/endcrine system

Answer 40

- mat beh, social beh, sexual plessure - milk let down, contractions, birth, orgasm

Question 41

what are some other inputs to hypothalamus

Answer 41

- retina - cerebral cortex - automatic nervous system - amygdala - hippocampus -brainstem