SPEX 202 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

Motor Control in the Central Nervous System (47 cards)

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1
Q

motor behaviour requires cooperation between what systems

A
  • nervous system
  • musculoskeletal system
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2
Q

what is the nervous system responsible for

A

orchestrating the plan of action

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3
Q

what is the musculoskeletal system responsible for

A

execution and ongoing control

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4
Q

motor control is not localised within the brain it is distributed throughout the ..

A

Central Nervous System

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5
Q

what are the 4 main systems involved in motor planning and execution

A
  • limbic system
  • association cortex
  • projection system
  • spinal system
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6
Q

what is the limbic system involved in

A

deciding to act

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7
Q

what is the association cortex involved in

A

response selection

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8
Q

what is the projection system involved in

A

scaling / fine tuning

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9
Q

what is the spinal system involved in

A

execution and feedback

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10
Q

what does the limbic system influence

A

the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

what does the limbic system include

A
  • amygdala (emotional processing)
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parts of the hypothalamus
  • hippocampus (memory > motor learning)
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12
Q

what do association areas integrate in response selection

A

sensory and motor functions

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13
Q

what are association cortices near (example using auditory)

A

they are near primary sensory cortex of the same type

example : auditory association cortex = next to primary auditory cortex

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14
Q

what do association areas do

A
  • recognition of relevant inputs
  • make sense of input
  • integration of input into motor response
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15
Q

what are the appropriate parameters that selected when scaling / fine tuning the motor control programs

A
  • force
  • displacement
  • velocity
  • body segment
  • posture
  • muscle groups
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16
Q

parameter selection in fine tuning depends on information from input of what

A
  • environment
  • body
  • task
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17
Q

what is included in the projection system

A

cerebral cortex

basal ganglia

cerebellum

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18
Q

what is included in the cerebral cortex

A
  • motor cortex
  • pre motor cortex
  • supplementary motor area
  • parietal cortex
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19
Q

what is included in the spinal system

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A
  • brain stem
  • corticospinal tracts
  • spinal cords with central nerves
20
Q

3 roles of the spinal system in motor control

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A
  • carry information from CNS to neuromuscular system (efferent information)
  • carry information from periphery to CNS (afferent information)
  • information processing at the spinal level = spinal reflexes
21
Q

is spinal cord and spinal column the same thing

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A

no they are different

22
Q

what is the spinal cord

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A

bundle of nerves running from brain to muscles and sensors

23
Q

what is the major function of the vertebral column

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A

protection of the spinal cord

24
Q

where are more than half of the neurons in the brain located

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A

located in the cerebellum

25
what does the cerebellum have a significant role in
timing and motor learning
26
what does the cerebellum activate well in advance of and what does this indicate
well in advance of the EMG trace and indicates involvement with motor planning
27
damage to the cerebellum leads to hypotonia and ataxia and this means the person can have trouble with :
- regulation of muscle tone = gait cycle and the heel to toe action - coordination = balance - timing - learning
28
what are the roles of the basal ganglia (3)
- activation or retrieval of movement plans - scaling of movement parameters (velocity, amplitude, direction) - movement preparation
29
what are 4 characteristics of huntington's disease
- clumsiness - forgetfulness - uncontrollable ballistic movements - dementia
30
what are 5 characteristics of parkinson's disease
- dopamine deficit which is normally produced in the basal ganglia - shuffling gait - resting tremor - slow initiation of movements (akinesia) - resistance to tugging (rigidity)
31
the motor cortex is a ...... rather than a planning centre
motor cortex is a trigger centre
32
signals in the motor cortex occur around .... before electrical activity in the muscles which shows ...
around 50ms before electrical activity in the muscles this shows NOT involved in planning, but execution
33
how are body areas represented in the motor cortex and what areas are larger
represented geographically, larger areas have more neurons which allows for more fine tuning of movements in those areas of the body (e.g eyes)
34
what does pre motor cortex control
proximal muscles : trunk and shoulders
35
where are anticipatory postural adjustments coordinated
in the pre motor cortex
36
what does anticipatory postural adjustments adapt and prepare
- adapts the body position for movements - prepares postural muscle to stabilise for movements
37
what does SMA stand for
supplementary motor area
38
what is the supplementary motor area involved in
complex movements
39
when is the supplementary motor area activated
long before onset
40
what does the supplementary motor area do
- high level of planning - production of complex movement sequences
41
in PET scans when is the SMA found to be active
active during movement and when imagining same movement
42
in PET scans when is the MC found to be active
only active when actually performing the movement
43
what does damage to the parietal cortex cause
- apraxia - spatial neglect
44
what is the brain stem the last stop before
last stop before the spinal cord
45
what are the two directions that the brain stem works in
- transports signals from spinal cord to rest of the brain - transports motor commands from NS to motor neurons in spinal cord
46
the motor cortex is responsible for the force and direction of control of what
hand and arm movement
47
what does the parietal cortex do
integrates information from eyes, eye movements and body movement
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