Lecture 14

Question 1

given the multiple definitions of motor control, what concepts did they all discuss (3)

Answer 1

the regulation of degrees of freedom, postural control and the mechanisms that are used

Question 2

what does APA stand for

Answer 2

anticipatory postural adjustments

Question 3

what does CPA stand for

Answer 3

compensatory postural adjustments

Question 4

motor control theory considers what is being controlled and ….

Answer 4

how the various process governing control are organised

Question 5

we gain control of the dynamic, complex, interactive perceptual motor system by ….

Answer 5

by experiencing, developing and learning a variety of postural skills

Question 6

what are the stages of learning by Newell, 1985

Answer 6

coordination > control > skill

Question 7

what is meant by coordination (Newell, 1985)

Answer 7

assembling coordinative structures

Question 8

what is meant by control (Newell, 1985)

Answer 8

determining appropriate parameters for movement

Question 9

what is meant by skill (Newell, 1985)

Answer 9

enhancing efficiency, effectiveness and end point comfort

Question 10

what are the three control theories that we were introduced to in motor control

Answer 10

• reflex theories
• hierarchal theories
• dynamical system theories

Question 11

what is said about new evidence and the three control theories that we were introduced to

Answer 11

new research incorporates aspects from multiple, but in the past there were three distinct models introduced

Question 12

is there evidence for and against the control theories we were introduced to

Answer 12

yes there is evidence for and against

Question 13

what is the main aspect of the reflex theory

Answer 13

• reflexes form the basis of all movements
• response chaining

Question 14

how does the hierarchical theory describe the direction of motor system

Answer 14

motor system is “top - down”

Question 15

characteristics of hierarchical theory

Answer 15

• different parts of the brain worked on things and sent out commands to the body
• generalized motor programs
• top down

Question 16

how does the dynamical system theory describe the direction of motor system

Answer 16

motor system is “bottom - up”

Question 17

characteristics of dynamical systems theory

Answer 17

• perceptual motor system self organises via interacting constraints
• interactive nature of human perceptual motor behaviour
• the demands of the task and what the environment may be presenting us with

Question 18

how many receptors did chris mention in the sensory structures and processes lecture

Answer 18

8

Question 19

information from sensory receptors are known as what and received by what

Answer 19

known as afferent signals and received by the primary somatosensory area and association areas of the brain

Question 20

what information do muscle spindles provide and how to remember this

Answer 20

stretch information (s + s)

Question 21

what information do golgi tendon organs provide and how to remember this

Answer 21

tension information (t + t)

Question 22

what does embodied cognition suggest about our adaptability

Answer 22

suggests humans are very adaptable, we use many things to perceive

Question 23

what is an example of embodied cognition

Answer 23

when people are wearing a heavy backpack they will perceive a hill in front of them differently then if they didnt have the backpack on

Question 24

what is the idea of predictive processing

Answer 24

that rather than people relying on information stored in their brain from the past, they make predictions on the future based on what they are receiving from the environment

Question 25

what is active interference

Answer 25

we move to get more information from our environment, so we can more accurately perceive

Question 26

what is the parietal cortex

Answer 26

association area