four subspecies created by Carolus Linnaeus
European, African, Asian, American
five races created by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, American
the scientific theory that the human species can be divided into distinct subspecies, often called races
anthropological racism
the concept that phenomena, including various aspects of behavior, are governed by biological factors
biological determinism
the philosophy of “race improvement” through the forced sterilization of some groups and increased reproduction among others
eugenics
who proposed eugenics
Francis Galton
What separates types (polytypic) from race?
the degree of variation within and between groups
a smooth gradation from one continuous phenotype to another, with no sharp breaks, as one moves across geographic regions
cline
a genetic locus with more than one allele
polymorphism
What do we replace race with
polymorphism
traits governed by a combination of alleles at many loci, and usually a variety of environmental and developmental factors
polygenic
a species composed of populations that differ in the expression of one or more traits
polytypic species
the enzyme that allows the digestion of lactose, the sugar in milk
lactase
anatomical, physiological, or behavioral responses of organisms or populations to the environment, resulting from evolutionary change
adaptation
physiological responses to changes in the environment that occur during an individual’s lifetime
developmental acclimatization
expansion of blood vessels, permitting increased blood flow to the skin and facilitating the radiation of warmth as a means of cooling
vasodilation
narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the skin and to reduce heat loss at the skin’s surface
vasoconstriction
short, stocky builds w/ short limbs conserve heat (in cold climates) & tall, lanky builds w/ long limbs dissipate heat (in hot climates)
Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules
insufficient levels of oxygen in body tissues
hypoxia
agents that transmit disease from one carrier to another
vectors
continuously present in a population
endemic
a disease that’s transmitted to humans through contact with nonhuman animals
zoonotic
physiological responses to changes in the environment that occur during an individual’s lifetime
acclimatization
responses to heat
sweating, vasodilation
