What is natural immunity?
Acquired from normal life experiences of a human
What is artificial immunity?
Produced purposefully thorugh medical procedures
What is active immunity?
Person developes their own immune response to a microbe
What is passive immunity?
Person receives preformed immunity made by another person
What biological phenomena allows for vaccination?
Artificial active immunity
What are the 5 major types of vaccines?
- Killed organisms
- Attenuated organisms (live passaged in culture until no longer pathogenic)
- Recombinant proteins (cloned proteins which gives the host an immune response)
- Recombinant DNA (injected plasmids that express antigens)
- Toxoid (chemically or heat inactivated toxins)
Which vaccine type has the best and longest protection?
Attenuated organisms
Could any of these vaccines cause an infection?
No
What is an endemic?
Steady frequency (often low level) in population
What is a pandemic?
Occurence higher than expected world wide
What is an epidemic?
Occurence higher than expected
What is an outbreak?
Sudden occurence higher than expected in a small group
What is herd immunity?
Resistance of a population to infection due to immunity
What is antigenic drift?
Small changes in antigens (mutations) -> decreased herd immunity
What is antigenic shift?
Large changes in antigens -> decreased her immunity
What is a zoonotic disease?
Animal disease transmitted to humans
What are examples of zoonotic diseases?
- Giardia protozoan: rodents, dogs, cats, cattle, deer
- Hanta virus: deer mice
- Plague bacterium: domestic and wild rodents
- Rabies prion: dogs, cats, bats, rodents, cattle
- Salmonella bacterium: birds, reptiles, mammals
What is a nosocomial disease?
Illnesses associated with hospitilization
What are examples of nosocomial diseases?
- Methicillin-resistant Staphyolococcus aureus (MRSA)
- C. diff
What is an index case?
The index case is the first case
What is morbidity rate?
% individuals in pop. that become ill
What is mortality rate?
% of individuals in pop. who die
What are the six factors that affect epidemics?
- Source of infection
- Route of pathogen transmission
- Susceptibility of population
- Microbe’s ability to change its antigens
- Size and mobility of population
- Virulence and pathogenicity of the microbe
What are the three sources of infection?
- Resevoir (natural environment of pathogen from which infection occurs)
- Vectors (organisms that spread disease from one host to another)
- Carrier (infected individual, source of infection for others)
