Lecture 15 - Liver & Gallbladder

Question 1

General Function of Gallladder?

Answer 1

Store and Concentrate bile

Question 2

What is the organizational pattern of the liver?

Answer 2

1. Hexagonal Lobules
2. Portal Triads at connections
3. Cords of hepatocytes surround a central vein

Question 3

What type of capillaries are in the liver?

Answer 3

Sinusoid

Question 4

What is the flow of blood in the liver?

Answer 4

1. Mesenteric and other artieries
2. GI tract
3. Hepatic portal vein (along w/ hepatic artery)
4. Back to heart

Question 5

Where do sinusoids drain into?

Answer 5

Central vein

Question 6

What cells make up the linear cords?

Answer 6

Hepatocytes

Question 7

Where does blood from the GI tract go?

Answer 7

ALL of it goes to the liver

Question 8

How does the liver prevent you from becoming hyperglycemic?

Answer 8

The liver is able to remove glucose from hepatic portal blood (w/ the aid of insulin, and gets stored as glycogen)

Question 9

What is the general function of the liver?

Answer 9

Take up nutrients during feeding and release nutrients during fasting

Question 10

How do substances easily get into the blood or liver sinusoids?

Answer 10

1. Endothelial layer has fenestrations

2. No basement membrane

Question 11

How does the liver help digest lipids?

Answer 11

Hepatocytes secrete bile which emulsifies fat in the intestine

Question 12

Where is bile made?

Answer 12

1. It is in the hepatocytes

2. Bile canaliculi run between hepatocytes are are surrounded by tight junctions

Question 13

What is the path of bile?

Answer 13

1. It is produced by heptocytes, travels to canaliculi to a branch of the bile duct and then to the duodenum
2. It goes in to opposite direction as the flow of blood

Question 14

Besides bile acids, what else is in bile?

Answer 14

1. Cholesterol and other lipids
2. Drugs/Toxins/ Other liver metabolites (excrete substances from the body)
3. Biliruben

Question 15

Where does biliruben come from?

Answer 15

1. Macrophages in spleen destroy old/deformed RBC
2. Metabolizes heme
3. Now it is biliruben (yellow pigment)
4. Goes into bile
5. Biliruben is changed to biliverdein (green pigment)
6. Travels into the duodenum

Question 16

What happens to bilirubin in the duodenum?

Answer 16

1. Goes to the colon

2. Becomes stercobilin (brown pigment)

Question 17

What happens if bile is prevented from leaving the liver?

Answer 17

1. Can’t excrete biliruben (jaundice)
2. Pale or grey stool (no brown pigments)
3. Can’t excrete bile acids - Fatty Stool

Question 18

Major structures in a hepatocyte

Answer 18

Smooth ER - produces cholesterol
Rough ER - makes proteins and albumin
Peroxisomes - metabolize toxins in liver

Question 19

What do kupffer cells do?

Answer 19

1. Phagocytize Substances - “liver macrophages”
2. Clear old or malformed erythrocytes
3. Phagocytize bacteria - host defence
   * can take over function of spleen*

Question 20

Where do reticular fibers in the liver come from?

Answer 20

Stellate or Ito Cells

Question 21

Where do kupffer cells originate?

Answer 21

Bone marrow

Question 22

What type of cells make up the gallbladder?

Answer 22

Simple columnar epithelium (absorption)

Question 23

What is the gallbladder lined with SCE?

Answer 23

Designed to absorb water and concentrate bile