What are some of the complications of kidney failure? (7)
- Anemia
- Fluid Retention
- Hypertension
- Hyperkalemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Azotemia (high blood nitrogen and creatinine)
- Proteinuria
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
What is the glomerulus?
Tuft of capillaries
What type of cells make up the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle?
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Where does glomerular filtrate enter?
Capsular Space
What happens in the glomerulus?
Filtration
To go from the plasma of the glomerulus to bowman’s space, which structure does water and solutes cross?
- Endothelial layer of the glomerular capillaries (btwn the cells or through the cells)
- Glomeruluar basement membrane
- Visceral layer of bowman’s capsule (between the cells)
What makes up the glomerular basement membrane?
Lamina Lucida - Densa - Lucida
How does filtration membrane prevent proteins and cells from being filtered?
Size Selective and Charge Selective Barrier
size selective has predominant role
How will a mutation in type IV collagen effect filtrate in bowmans capsule?
Filtrate will have a higher percentage of protein
What are mesangial cells?
- They are contractile and phagocytic cells
- Remove trapped residues from the glomerular basement membrane and filtration slit diaphragm
- Structural support for glomerular capillaries or podocytes
- Help regulate blood flow in the glomerular ccapillaries
Where does blood go when it leaves the glomerulus?
Out the efferent
What is the name of the capillaries that surround the loops of henle in the medulla?
Vasa Recta
Proximal Convoluted Tubule functions
- All glucose and amino acids are resorbed
- 2/3rds salt and water resorbed
- Organic acids and bases are secreted into the tubule (peritubular capillary)
Distal Convoluted tubule
- About 5% salt is reabsorbed
2. Parathyroid hormone increases Ca2+ reabsorption
How can you differentiate the PCT and the DCT?
PCT has larger cells, many microvilli, more eosinophilic
DCT has smaller cells, sparse microvilli, less eosinophilic
What are the three limbs of the Loop of Henle?
- thin descending
- thin ascending
- thick ascending
What are the difference betwen the thin and thick limbs of the loop of henle?
- location in the nephron
- what they reabsorb
What does the thin descending limb reabsorb?
- Water which diffuses through aquaporin channels
What does the thin ascending limb reabsorb?
- Passive diffusion of Na and Cl
- Impermeable to water
What does the thick ascending limb reabsorb?
- Active transport of Na, Cl, K (20-25%)
- Impermeable to water
What kind of cells are found in the thin limbs of the loop of henle?
simple squamous
What kind of cells are found in the thick limb of the loop of henle?
simple cuboidal
How can you tell the difference between the thick ascending limb and the collecting duct?
The cells of the collecting duck are more columnar and stain lighter.
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Lecture 1 - The Cell38
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Lecture 2 - Epithelial Cells33
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Lecture 3 - Connective Tissue47
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Lecture 4- Muscular Tissue34
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Lecture 5- Blood32
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Lecture 6 - Nerves56
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Lecture 7- Integument69
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Lecture 8- Cartilage16
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Lecture 9- Bone45
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Lecture 10- Circulatory System54
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Lecture 11 - Lymphatics and Immune System31
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Lecture 13- Digestive Tract75
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Lecture 14- Teeth19
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Lecture 16- Respiratory47
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Lecture 14 pt. 2- Pancreas10
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Lecture 15 - Liver & Gallbladder23
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Lecture 17 - Urinary System40
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Lecture 18- Endocrine System61
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Lecture 19- Female Reproductive14
