What was the definition of development from the 1950s to 1980s?
Economic growth
Employment creation and basic needs were also emphasized.
How did the definition of development change in the 1980s to 1990s?
Human development
Influenced by neo-liberalism and structural adjustment programmes.
What is the key concept of development from 1990s to 2000s?
Multi-dimensional process
Including a rights-based approach.
What significant development discourse emerged in the 2010s?
Sustainable development
Focused on inclusive growth.
List some major conferences that took place in the 1990s related to development.
- World Summit on Children (1990)
- Earth Summit (1992)
- International Conference on Population and Development (1994)
- World Summit on Social Development (1995)
- World Conference on Women (IV) (1995)
- UN Conference on Human Settlement (HABITAT II) (1996)
- Millennium Declaration (2000)
These conferences shaped the development agenda.
What was the overarching objective of development from the late 1990s?
Poverty eradication
This was particularly significant during the ‘lost decade’ in the third world.
What role does social capital play in development?
Support of networks as a driver of development.
What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?
17 goals and 169 targets and 247 indicators
They represent an integrated vision of sustainable development.
What principle emphasizes ‘leave no one behind’ in the SDGs?
Inclusive growth and development.
What does ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’ (CBDR) refer to?
Sustainable development is a universal challenge with specific targets for certain groups of countries.
True or False: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) focused solely on economic growth.
False
They aimed at reducing poverty and improving various human development indicators.
What are civil and political rights contrasted with in the context of human rights?
Economic, social, and cultural rights.
What is the significance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)?
It outlines fundamental human rights and freedoms.
Fill in the blank: The concept of human rights is embodied in the ______.
UN Charter (1945).
What is the main critique regarding the effectiveness of human rights implementation?
Strong political and economic forces are barriers to implementation.
What does the Human Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) to development emphasize?
Realization of the human rights of all individuals.
What is the origin of the Right to Development (RTD)?
Decolonization period
Linked to the New International Economic Order (NIEO).
What does the Right to Development advocate for?
A people-centered development process, requiring participation and fair distribution of benefits.
What is a common criticism of the Right to Development?
It is seen as vague and ideological.
What did the Vienna Declaration (1993) recognize?
Right to Development as a universal and inalienable right.
What is the ‘Savage–Victim–Saviour’ metaphor in the context of human rights?
It describes the narrative of developing countries being poor victims needing saving by the West.
What is the role of NGOs in human rights?
Part of the accountability mechanism to monitor states that violate human rights.
