Skin, mucus, mucous membranes, and chemicals are part of the ___ line of defence
First (nonspecific, innate)
Phagocytosis, complements, interferons, inflammation, and fever are part of the ___ line of defence
Second (nonspecific, innate)
Lymphocytes and antibodies are part of the ___ line of defence
Third (specific, adaptive)
Protective mechanism that exists before infection, rapid and typically identical responses encoded within the germline
Innate immunity
Vasodilation, increase in capillary permeability, and influx of immune cells to affected tissues are characteristic of
Inflammation
Four signs of inflammation (RHEP)
Redness - from vasodilation
Heat - warmth from increased blood volume
Edema - swelling
Pain - inflammation can trigger pain response
Mast cells are found in ___, whereas neutrophils are in the ___
Tissues, bloodstream
4 steps of inflammatory response
Margination - WBCs move to vessel walls
Diapedesis - WBCs pass through vessel walls to tissue
Chemotaxis - WBCs follow chemical gradient of inflammatory chemicals to bacteria
Phagocytosis - engulfment
Phagocytosis process (recognition, engulfment, fusion, digestion)
Receptor recognizes pathogen - PM surrounds pathogen forming a phagosome - lysosome fuses with phagosome forming a phagolysosome - digestion of pathogen
The ‘chasing’ down of microbes is known as ___, and the engulfment of microbes is ___
Chemotaxis, phagocytosis
___ destroy microbial proteins, genomes, and walls
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates
Macrophage development (from bone marrow to resident macrophage)
Stem cells in bone marrow - differentiate into short lived monocytes in the blood - differentiate into long living resident/tissue macrophages when they are recruited to tissues during inflammation
Secreted proteins that drive immune and inflammatory reactions. Produced by macrophages and NK cells in innate immunity
Cytokines (induce proteins in the endothelium that make it more adherent for passing leukocytes)
A family of low molecular weight cytokines that stimulate leukocyte movement and regulate the migration of leukocytes from the blood to tissue
Chemokines
