2 NS division
CNS
PNS
2 branches of PNS
somatic : coluntary
autonomic: involuntary.
Symp & parasym. complementary systems
who named the 2 autonomic systems? and why?
galen - names ymp because bodily organs were where emotions came from. para is next to symp.
what are a few functions of symp?
para?
dilate pupils, decrease salivation, decrease digestion, increase hr, increase bp.
P: digestion increase, repro increases.
symp NS.
when? other name? releases what hormone?
emergencies,
fight, flight, fright, sex
release A and NA
Para NS
when? other name? function?
calm acitivities
rest and digest
store energy & growth.
NT
chemical messenger
neuron to neuron communication
hormone
chemical messenger
far-reachin gcommunication.
Talk about peripheral gland and male sex drive
Thought each peripheral gland controlled its own hormone secretion (type and amount). Observed that older men = lower sex drive. Tried to inject testosterone from other animals = found more young, and viral men. Tried surgically grafting testicle from other animal onto man. = found good results here as well. GIANT PLACECBO. Testosterone was dissolved in water when injected = fat in water? Didn’t dissolve, didn’t even inject T.
pituitary gland
- function
- what was found when explanted?
regulated other glands
- when explanted secreted huge amount of unnecessary hormones. didnt function properly on its own.
the brain - Harris & master gland. new idea? circulatory system in brain? who are the 2 scientists battling to find hormones in brain? what area of brain invovled in hormones?
- new idea = brain is master gland, “impure” because involves emotions, and involuntary actions
- circulatory system between hypothalamus and pituitary. communicate with one another.
- guillemin and schally. one synthesized hormone, other found structure but couldnt reproduce.
hypothalamus of brain has effect on pituitary
4 classes of steroid classes
androgens estrogens progestogens minerocorticoids glucocorticoids
hromones secreted from body during stress
A, NA = takes seconds to act.
glucocorticoids, cortisol = takes mins/hours to work.
HPA axis for glucagon
Hypo = corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Pit = adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
adrenal gland = glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Pancrease = glucagon
function of glucagon
released during stress response. mobilized stored glycogen = raise blood sugar
main function of stress response
increase glucose (energy) for muscles to continue working.
what 2 hormones does the pituitary secrete after stressor
prolactin, endorphin = suppressed repro and pain
what groups of hormones are inhibited after stressor
- repro hormones
growth hormones
insulin
gender differences
females - usually take care of yound. cant fight, or flee. Use tend and befriend tactic.
males - protect young from distance, hunt, fight.
tend and befriend
rely on social affiliation, females protect offspring collectively
oxytocin - function in tend and befriend
- what hormone increases oxytocin release?
- function as mother?
- other effects?
secreted by pituitary during stress.
- estrogen.
function in female imprinting on children; milk let down. influences maternal behaviour causing more receptors to be produced, baby behaviour encourages more oxytocin production = cycle.
other effect: increase trust, generosity, increase social bonds
caveats to glucocorticoids and symp NS
- speed and magnitude of release may vary. depends on intensity of stressor.
- different tissue sensitivity to hormone
- psychological context - subjective interpretation of stressor
hormonal signature
speed and magnitude at which hormones change during stress response.
- some ready to cope and react - more A/NA, less glucocorticoid.
- some learned helpessness: less A/NA, more glucocort. = “cant deal”
cardiovascular stress response
increase hr
increase force of heart beat = veins get more rigid.
arteries to muscles vasodilate.
kidneys reabsorb more water - keep blood volume high.
ADH - increase = more water reabsorbed.
