lecture 2

Question 1

4 divisions of the nervous system

Answer 1

• central: mediates behavior
• somatic: transmits sensations and produces movement
• autonomic: balances internal functions
• enteric: controls the gut

Question 2

brain body orientation

Answer 2

frame of reference is the face

• medial, lateral
• anterior/ posterior
• ventral/dorsal

Question 3

spatial orientation

Answer 3

frame of reference is the whole body
- rostral/caudal or anterior/posterior
dorsal/ventral

Question 4

direction of a cut or section through the brain from the perspective of a viewer

Answer 4

anatomical cut

Question 5

hematomas

Answer 5

blood flowing in between skull and dura mater

1. epidural- rapidly expanding with arterial blood
2. subdural- slowly expanding with venous blood

Question 6

3 major surface features of brain

Answer 6

cerebrum- major structure of forebrain (2 hemisphere)
cerebellum- motor coordination
brainstem- unconscious behavior

Question 7

cerebral cortex

Answer 7

thin sheet of nerve tissue folded to fit inside the skull

Question 8

folds in the cortex

Answer 8

gyrui- bumps
sulci- grooves
deep grooves- fissures

Question 9

greay matter

Answer 9

cell bodies and blood vessels

Question 10

white matter

Answer 10

fat sheathed neural axons

Question 11

corpus callosum

Answer 11

fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

Question 12

4 ventricles

Answer 12

cavaties in brain containing CSF

- 2 lateral (left and right)

Question 13

function of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 13

cushioning the brain, allow compounds to enter and excrete metabolic waste

Question 14

3 major components of CNS

Answer 14

1. spinal cord - controls most body movements & gating
2. brainstem - hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon
3. forebrain

Question 15

hindbrain of brainstem

Answer 15

oldest part of brain

• contains cerebellum, reticular formation, pons and medulla
• controls motor functions breathing –> balance –> fine movements

Question 16

cerebellum

Answer 16

controls complex movements and involved in cognitive functions

Question 17

reticular formation

Answer 17

stimulates the forebrain

- regulation of sleep wake behavior and arousal

Question 18

pons/medulla

Answer 18

pons- controls important movements of body (breathing)

medulla- vital functions (breathing and heart rate)

Question 19

midbrain of brainstem

Answer 19

tectum- 
- inferior and superior colliculi
tegmentum- 
species specific behaviors
eye and limb movements

Question 20

diencephalon of brainstem

Answer 20

integrates sensory and motor information on its way to cerebral cortex
- hypothalamus and thalamus

Question 21

hypothalamus

Answer 21

controls hormones, motivated behaviors

- feeding, sexual behavior, sleeping, temperature

Question 22

thalamus

Answer 22

relay information

lateral/medial geniculate nuclei

Question 23

3 forebrain structures

Answer 23

1. neocortex- regulates mental activities (planning, decision making) = 6 layers
   
   • allocortex –> 3/4 layers and controls motivational states and forms of memory
2. basal ganglia- control of voluntary movement
3. limbic system- regulates emotions and behaviors

Question 24

4 lobes of forebrain-

Answer 24

occipital- vision
parietal- tactile, spatial functions
temporal- visual, auditory and gustatory functions
frontal- motor and executive functions

Question 25

basal ganglia

Answer 25

caudate, putamen and globus pallidus | - controls in/voluntary movement and coordination of movement

Question 26

limbic system

Answer 26

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex | - involved in emotional behaviors, memory, spatial navigation