Episodic memory
memory for specific events located at a specific point and time
‘mental time travel’
semantic memory
memory for facts
e.g. vocabulary, rules etc.
short delay semantic memory
information is recalled in episodes
long delay semantic memory
same information is integrated into semantic memory
neuropsychological evidence of different memory systems
- review of 147 cases of amnesia
- majority had major loss of episodic memory
- smaller effect on semantic memory
- damage to hippocampus affects episodic memory more than semantic
- BUT acquisition of new semantic memories is affected more than retrieval
semantic dementia patients
- severe loss of concept knowledge but intact episodic memory
- damage to anterior frontal and anterior temporal lobes
semantic deficit
- anterior temporal
- anterior frontal
damage
episodic deficit
- hippocampus damage
how to have better encoding
- chunking and organizing elements into a long list of items
- or parts can evoke a strong imagery
Bartlett’s approach
- recall of complex materials
- examined recall errors
- stressed p’s effort after meaning (people try to ascribe meaning to memorize things to help process and memorize )
Schema (Bartlett)
- long lasting structured representation of knowledge about the world, events, people or actions
‘templates’
what are schemas used for
- can be used to make sense of new materials, to store, and later recall them
what are schemas influenced by
social and cultural factors
Bower, Black & Turner 1979
- restaurant script/schema
- agreement among people from any given background about what should take place in this context
‘the war of ghosts’: Bartlett
- native american folk tales
- errors and distortions when asked to recall these
- omission of detail to make story more coherent
- distortions were more consistent with their own semantic knowledge… they were ‘westernised’
Bransford & Johnson, 1972 - role of schemas
- p’s that recieved a title for passage were able to remember more
- previous schematic knowledge is beneficial for later recall and helps comprehension, organisation
Sulin & Dooling 1974: role of schemas
- story about a dictator, one group given unknown name others given Hitler
- short delay: 5 mins - no difference in groups, didn’t agree with test sentence being present
- long delay: 1 week - p’s who read about Hitler were more likely to incorrectly agree with “He hated Jews” appearing
- previous schematic knowledge affects memory especially at longer intervals
Carmichael et al. 1932: role of meaning
- ascribing meaning to stimuli affects encoding and storage
- symbols reproduced were more similar to meaning or word given to that symbol
Jenkins & Russel study on recall, 1952
related words within a list tend to be recalled ass a cluster/together
Paivio’s Dual-coding hypothesis
more image-able words (e.g. concrete nouns) are more memorable
2 routes words can be encoded for better imageability
- visual appearance
- verbal meaning
… more routes better for recall
levels of processing hypothesis: Craik & Lockhart 1972
memories are encoded at different levels of processing, deeper leads to better retention
LOP limitations
- difficult to define and measure
- LOP’s are not processed in a serial order but at the same time
- deeper is not always more memorable
TAP
Transfer-appropriate processing
- memory retrieval is best when cues at encoding are similar to those at testing
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lecture 1 - Learning32
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Lecture 2 - Episodic memory30
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Lecture 3 - Semantic Memory35
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LECTURE 4 - Memory Retrieval57
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Lecture 5 - Forgetting46
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Lecture 6 - Reasoning & Decision-making42
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Lecture 7 - Reasoning46
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Lecture 8 - Risky Choice34
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Lecture 9 - Emotion in decision-making31
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Group Decision-Making26
