Lecture 2.1

Question 1

Levels of Organization

Answer 1

▪ Chemical/molecular
▪ Cellular
▪ Tissue
▪ Organ
▪ Organ system
▪ Organism

Question 2

What does the skeletal system contain?

Answer 2

• Bones
• Cartilage
• Ligaments
• Other connective tissues

Question 3

Each bone is an organ containing…

Answer 3

• Bone connective tissue
• Blood vessels + nerves
• Lymphatic vessels
• Cartilage connective tissue
• Connective tissue coverings

Question 4

Functions of the skeletal system:

Answer 4

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Leverage (assistance in movement)
4. Mineral homeostasis (storage and release)
5. Triglyceride storage
   - In yellow marrow
6. Hemopoiesis (red and white blood cell formation)
   - In red marrow

Question 5

Divisions of the Skeletal System

Answer 5

Axial & Appendicular

Question 6

Axial Skeleton Contains:

Answer 6

80 Bones:

Skull
- Cranium
- Face

Hyoid

Auditory Ossicles

Vertebral Column

Thorax
- Sternum
- Ribs

Question 7

Appendicular Skeleton Contains:

Answer 7

126 Bones:

Pectoral (shoulder) girdles
- Clavicle
- Scapula

Upper limbs (extremities)
- Humerus (Arm)
- Ulna (Longer and thinner forearm)
- Radius (Wider and thicker forearm)
- Carpals (wrist)
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges

Pelvic (hip) girdle
- Hip, pelvic or coxal bone

Lower limbs (extremities)
- Femur
- Patella
- Fibula
- Tibia
- Tarsals
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges

Question 8

The human body has ____ bones.

Answer 8

206

Question 9

Classification of Bones

Answer 9

1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid
6. Sutural

Question 10

A & B

Answer 10

Articular cartilage & Spongy bone

Question 11

C & D

Answer 11

Red bone marrow & Epiphyseal line

Question 12

E & F

Answer 12

Compact bone & Endosteum (lines medullary cavity)

Question 13

G, H & I

Answer 13

Nutrient artery, Medullary cavity, & Periosteum

Question 14

The ____ and ____ are very important bone growth and remodeling

Answer 14

endosteum & periosteum

Question 15

A & B

Answer 15

Articular cartilage & Epiphysis

Question 16

C & D

Answer 16

Metaphysis & Diaphysis

Question 17

E & F

Answer 17

Metaphysis & Epiphysis

Question 18

G & H

Answer 18

Articular cartilage & Medullary cavity

Question 19

I & J

Answer 19

Endosteum & Spongy bone

Question 20

K & L

Answer 20

Compact bone & Periosteum

Question 21

Example of long bone:

Answer 21

Femur or humerus

Question 22

• A connective tissue membrane covering the external surface of bone.
• Tendons + connective tissue of joints
• Attached to bone matrix
• Two layers
  
  • Outer fibrous layer
  • Inner osteogenic

Answer 22

Periosteum

Question 23

• Lines inner surface including marrow cavity, trabeculae of spongy bone, + canals of compact bone
• Contains osteogenic cells (important for bone growth + remodling)

Answer 23

Endosteum

Question 24

Important for bone growth and remodling

Answer 24

Osteogenic cells

Question 25

- Filled with spongy bone - Thin layer of compact bone - EVERY bone has Periosteum and Endosteum lining inner and outer spaces

Answer 25

Anatomy of short bone

Question 26

Example of short bone

Answer 26

Carpals

Question 27

- Compact and spongy bone - Periosteum and Endosteum

Answer 27

Anatomy of Flat Bone

Question 28

Example of flat bone

Answer 28

Sternum

Question 29

- Found within the skull in between bones - If present, these bones are in addition to the standard 206 bones

Answer 29

Sutural bones

Question 30

Example of sesamoid bone

Answer 30

Patella (kneecap)

Question 31

- Small, rounded bones embedded with tendons or connective tissue

Answer 31

Sesamoid bones

Question 32

Example of Irregular bone

Answer 32

Saccrum