Lecture 3

Question 1

Stereotypes are not necessarily incorrect. Example ->

Answer 1

Stereotypes regarding gender differences in abilities and behavioral tendencies often have considerable descriptive accuracy.

Question 2

2 primary dimensions of stereotypes

Answer 2

1. Warmth (sympathy)
2. Competence

Question 3

Etic (“outsider”) statements

Answer 3

Refer to distinctions judged appropriate by the community of scientific observers

Question 4

Emic (“insider”) statements

Answer 4

Refer to distinctions that are significant, meaningful, accurate or in some other fashion regarded as appropriate by the actors themselves

Question 5

What can be said about cultural differences between countries?

Answer 5

Differences found between countries may be small, but still meaningful. e.g. small change in average temperature can lead to extreme hot weather instead of just the right temperature.

Question 6

Characteristics of the etic approach

Answer 6

1. BETTER KNOWN among management scholars/students
2. COMPARE AND GENERALIZE across the boundaries of individual countries
3. Large and representative SAMPLE TO COMPARE
4. Issue of TRANSLATION, local context

Question 7

Choice patterns in the Etic approach

Answer 7

1. Individualistic (maximize)
2. Competitive (maximize difference)
3. Equality (minimize difference)

Question 8

Geert hofstede Etic approach: 6 dimensions

Answer 8

1. Individualism vs. Collectivism
2. Power Distance
3. Uncertainty Avoidance
4. Masculinity vs. Femininity
5. Long-term vs. Short-term orientation
6. Indulgence vs. Restraint

Question 9

3 strengths of Hofstede’s Approach

Answer 9

1. OPENED DOOR to other studies focusing on work-related aspects of culture
2. The original four dimensions are INTUITIVE AND EASY TO GRASP
3. The dimensions are RELEVANT for management and organization and LINKED TO IMPORTANT managerial phenomena

Question 10

3 weaknesses of Hofstede’s Approach

Answer 10

1. Low face validity of the Hofstede’s items
2. Static
3. Old data

Question 11

2 dimensions of Roland Inglehart (World Value Survey)

Answer 11

1. Traditional vs. Rational-secular authority
2. Survival vs. Self-expression

Question 12

2 kenmerken traditionele aanpak WVS

Answer 12

1. Societies that prefer to maintain traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion
2. Attach much importance to religion and obedience in children

Question 13

3 kenmerken Secular-rational aanpak WVS

Answer 13

1. Societies that take a more pragmatic approach
2. Efforts in modern education as a way to prepare for the future
3. Attach a less importance to religion and obedience in children

Question 14

Traditionalism emphasizes (Secular-rational is the opposite)

Answer 14

• God is very important
• It is more important for a child to learn obedience and religious faith
• Abortion is never justifiable
• Strong sense of national pride
• Favors more respect for authority

Question 15

3 kenmerken Survival dimension WVS

Answer 15

1. Emphasis on economic and physical security
2. Relatively ethnocentric outlook
3. Low levels of trust and tolerance

Question 16

3 kenmerken Self-expression dimension WVS

Answer 16

1. High priority to environmental protection
2. Growing tolerance of foreigners, gays and lesbians and gender equality
3. Rising demands for participation in decision-making in economic and political life

Question 17

Survival value emphasize (Self-expression the opposite)

Answer 17

• Priority to economic and physical security over self expression and quality of life
• Not very happy
• Homosexuality is never justifiable
• Not sign a petition
• Be careful with trusting people

Question 18

2 Strengths Inglehart’s Theory

Answer 18

1. Representative samples make it easier to generalize to the general population of a country
2. Allows to measure cultural change over long periods of time

Question 19

Weakness Inglehart’s Theory

Answer 19

Items and dimensions have limited managerial relevance

Question 20

Implications for management (Power Distance)

Answer 20

• Importance and degree of CENTRALIZATION OF POWER
• Income INEQUALITY along the hierarchy
• STATUS symbols and privileges

Question 21

Implications for management (Uncertainty Avoidance)

Answer 21

• RULES AND PROCEDURES in organization
• Formal organizational STRUCTURE
• Managers are expected to be SPECIALISTS than generalists
• LESS INCLINED to job changes

Question 22

Implications for management (Individualism-Collectivism)

Answer 22

• Relationship between employees and organization
• Sources of employee motivations

e.g. (I) Contractual relationship – (C) Moral nature

Question 23

Implications for management (Masculinity - Femininity)

Answer 23

• Work centrality

e.g. (M) Live to work, high income – (F) Work to live, less work