Modernization
Shift from emphasis on traditional authority to rational-secular authority.
Post Modernization
Shift from emphasis on survival to well being
Inglehart on culture change
“Economic, cultural and political change go together in coherent patterns that are changing the world in predictable ways.”
Factors that enhance transition to modernization
- Industrialization
- Economic growth
- Mass education and literacy
- Mass media
- Division of church and state
Factors that enhance transition to postmodernization
- Knowledge-based economy
- Flexible employment
- Increasing equality of the genders
- Growth of non-traditional households
Give 2 examples of political decisions that cause cultural change
- Reunification of Germany
- One-child Policy
Beugelsdijk and Welzel (2018) distinguish 3 dimensions on culture change
- Colletivism-Individualism
- Duty-Joy
- Distrust-Trust
Collectivism vs. Individualism
(C) Importance religion, Obedience, Tradition, Respect
(I) Importance responsibility and success, Not Religious, Equality men and woman
Duty vs. Joy
(D) Importance hard work, Expertise, People are in need because they are lazy
(J) Importance democracy, New ideas and creativity, Imagination
Distrust vs. Trust
(D) Politically conservative, Politics not important, Democracy is indecisive
(T) Work as duty towards society, Democracy good at maintaining order, Must behave responsibly
Implication of cultural change
Cultural change is substantial
(More individualistic, more joyous. Less trust and more distrust.)
Cultural differences can be explained by three factors:
- Economic development
- Generational effects
- Political history (e.g. One-child policy)
4 principles on which “Modern” management is based
- Efficiency
- Objectivity
- Prescription
- Supervision
3 values and principles waar “Postmodern” management naar verschuift
- Creativity
- Emotional Connection
- Interpenetration of work and life
“Emic” studies of culture
Cultures are systems of meaning and can only be understood from within (interpretative cycle)
Emic studies: Hermeneutics
“get into the heads” of other people to make assumptions
Clifford Geertz: Culture as a system of signs
Only if we understand the underlying meaning of behaviors, we can know why people in a different culture behave in a particular way
Goals of Emic approach
- Gain insider’s perspective
- Study culture-specific phenomena
- Constructs emerge from insider’s self-understandings
- Immersion, open observation, qualitative
Emic research: Philipe d’Iribarne
The meaning of an element (e.g. hierarchical distance) depends on the local context which should be reconstructed by emic approaches. Niet gemakkelijk te generalizeren.
2 Strengths of Emic studies
- Help uncover what is specific to a culture– and specific to a situation
- Goes beyond the culture dimensions, and therefore also gives a more meaningful interpretations
Weaknesses of Emic studies
- A certain degree of subjectivism is unavoidable
- Identity of the researcher: Nationality or language bias
- Selection of key informants
- Acces to business firms
- Disclosure: publishing the results
