BIO 231 [Exam #1] > Lecture #3 > Flashcards

Lecture #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the special characteristics of epithelia and describe them

A

SCRAPS
- Specialized contacts: cells joined by special junctions
- Cellularity: cells separated by minimal extracellular material
- Regeneration: lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division
- Avascular, but innervated: epithelial cells receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue
- Polarity: cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface
- Support by connective tissue

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2
Q

Name the structure that is a noncellular supporting sheet between epithelial tissue and the connective tissue deep to it

A

basal lamina

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3
Q

What are the functions of the basal lamina?

A
  • acts as selective filter (determines which molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium)
  • acts as scaffolding (along which regenerating epithelial tissues cells can migrate)
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4
Q

What forms the basement membrane?

A
  • basal lamina
  • reticular layers
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5
Q

Which epithelia consists of a single layer with flat cells containing disc-shaped nuclei?

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
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6
Q

Which epithelia consists of a single layer of square-shaped cells with large, spherical central nuclei?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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7
Q

Which epithelia consists of a simple layer of rectangular cells with round nuclei?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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8
Q

Which epithelia has cells that originate at the basement membrane, but only tall cells reach the apical surface; nuclei lie at varying heights

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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9
Q

Which epithelia contains deeper layers of cells can appear cuboidal or columnar and is the thickest epithelial tissue

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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10
Q

What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium? Describe what they do.

A
  • keratinized: on epidermis (surface cells are dead + full of keratin); contains protective protein keratin; waterproof
  • nonkeratinized: forms moist lining of body openings
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11
Q

What is generally two layers of cube-shaped cells?

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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12
Q

Which epithelia is several layers where the basal cells are usually cuboidal and superficial cells are elongated?

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

Which epithelia has characteristics of stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous? Superficial cells are dome-shaped when the bladder is relaxed, and squamous when full.

A

transitional epithelium

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14
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • passage of material by passive diffusion and filtration
  • secretes lubricating substances in serosae
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15
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

secretion and absorption

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16
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • secretion of mucus and absorption
  • ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
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17
Q

What is the function of psuedostratified columnar epithelium?

A

secretion and propulsion of mucus by cilia

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18
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

protects underlying tissue in areas subject to abrasion

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19
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

protection

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20
Q

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

protection and secretion

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21
Q

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

A

permits distention of urinary organs when filled

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22
Q

Describe endocrine glands: Where does it secrete and what does it produce?

A
  • ductless gland
  • secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid
  • produces messenger molecules: hormones
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23
Q

What duct carries product of itself to the epithelial surface?

A

exocrine gland

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24
Q

Where is fibroblast found? What does it make?

A
  • CT proper (loose and dense)
  • makes protein subunits
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25
What secretes the matrix in cartilage?
chondroblast
26
What secretes the matrix in bone?
osteoblasts
27
What fiber is the strongest and can resist tension?
collagen fiber
28
Which fiber bundles of special type of cartilage?
reticular fibers
29
Which fiber can recoil after stretching?
elastic fibers
30
Describe ground substance: What is it produced by? Texture? Function?
- produced by: primary cell type - gel-like substance - cushions and protects body structures - holds tissue fluid
31
What makes up the extracellular matrix?
fibers + ground substance
32
What tissue has a gel-like matrix with all three fiber types and underlies epithelial tissue?
areolar connective tissue
33
What is the function of areolar connective tissue?
- Wraps and cushions organs - Important role in inflammation - Holds and conveys tissue fluid (interstitial fluid)
34
What cell is found in areolar connective tissue?
fibroblasts
35
What tissue contains a nucleus that is pushed to one side by fat droplet and has closely packed fat cells?
adipose connective tissue
36
What is the function of adipose connective tissue?
SIP - supports and protects organs - insulated against heat loss - provides reserve food fuel
37
What cell is found in adipose connective tissue?
adipocytes
38
What tissue produces heat and occurs in babies to aid in thermoregulation?
brown adipose connective tissue
39
What tissue has a network of fibers in a loose ground substance?
reticular connective tissue
40
What is the function of reticular connective tissue?
forms soft, internal skeleton that supports other cell types
41
What cells are found in reticular connective tissue?
- fibroblast (reticular cells) - lymphocyte
42
Describe dense connective tissue
- resists strong pulling forces - more collagen fibers than areolar connective tissue
43
What tissue has fibroblasts that are located between collagen fibers, has great tensile strength, and is poorly vascularized?
dense regular connective tissue
44
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
- withstands great stress in one direction - attaches muscle to bone and bone to bone
45
What tissue has collagen fibers that are thick and irregularly arranged?
dense irregular connective tissue
46
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
- withstands tension - provides structural strength
47
What tissue has elastic fibers that are predominate?
elastic connective tissue
48
What is the function of elastic connective tissue?
recoil after stretching
49
What cells are found in CT proper?
fibroblast, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells
50
What cells are found in cartilage?
chondroblast and chondrocytes
51
Describe cartilage's similar structural components
- firm, yet flexible - no blood vessels/nerves
52
What are chondroblasts and what do they do?
- immature cartilage cells - secrete matrix
53
What tissue has chondroblasts that produce the matrix and that chondrocytes lie within a cavity in a matrix called lacunae?
hyaline cartilage connective tissue
54
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
- supports, reinforces, and acts as a cushion - resists repetitive stress
55
What tissue is similar to hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers in the matrix?
elastic cartilage connective tissue
56
What is the function of elastic cartilage connective tissue?
- maintain the shape of the structure - allows great flexibility
57
What tissue has a matrix that is less firm than hyaline cartilage and has thick collagen fibers that are predominate?
fibrocartilage connective tissue
58
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
- tensile strength - absorbs compressive shock
59
What tissue has a matrix made of inorganic calcium salts and collagen fibers and is well vascularized?
bone tissue
60
What do osteoblasts do?
secrete collagen fibers and ground substance of the matrix
61
What are osteocytes?
mature bone cells in lacunae
62
What are the functions of the bone tissue?
- supports and protects organs - provides levers and attachment site for muscle - bone marrow is site for blood cell formation - stores fat, calcium, and other minerals
63
What cells are found in bone tissue?
osteocytes and osteoblast
64
What tissue is an atypical connective tissue and has red and white blood cells in a nonliving fluid matrix?
blood tissue
65
What is the function of blood tissue?
transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste
66
What cells are found in blood tissue?
- erythrocyte - leukocyte - platelets
67
What tissue is being described as having long, cylindrical cells with multiple nuclei and has obvious striations?
skeletal muscle tissue
68
What is the function of skeletal muscle?
- voluntary movement and manipulation of the environment - facial expression
69
Where is skeletal muscle located?
attaches to bones (sometimes skin)
70
What tissue contains branching cells, are uninucleate, and cells interdigitate at intercalated disk?
cardiac muscle tissue
71
What is the function of cardiac muscle?
contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
72
Where is cardiac muscle located?
walls of the heart
73
What tissue has spindle-shaped cells, are arranged closely to form sheets, and has no striations?
smooth muscle tissue
74
What is the function of smooth muscle tissue?
- propels substances along internal passageways - involuntary control
75
Where is smooth muscle tissue located?
walls of hollow organs
76
What tissue is the main component of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves?
nervous tissue
77
What two cells are found in the nervous tissue? Define them
- neurons: generate and conduct nerve impulses - neuroglia: supporting cells that nourish, insulate, and protect neurons
78
What is the function of nervous tissue?
transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
79
What does the cutaneous membrane line? Give an example.
covers the body surface (skin)
80
What does the mucous membrane do?
lines hollow organs that are open to surface of body (ex. respiratory system, digestive tract, etc)
81
What does the serous membrane do?
lines closed cavities (pleural, peritoneal, pericardial cavities)
82
Describe serous membrane: What is it made of and what does it produce?
- simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue - produces: serous fluid
BIO 231 [Exam #1]
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