Lecture 3 Flashcards by Nathalie Jack

Q

A

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Hormones travel around the body through ____ and can travel up to __m

A

the bloodstream; 2m

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What metaphors were presented to distinguish between neural and hormonal communication?

A

neural: train on tracks (fast but only one path)
hormonal: bikes (go anywhere but slowly)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is intracrine communication/mediation?

A

intracrine substances regulate intracellular events

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is autocrine communication/mediation?

A

autocrine substances feed back to influence same cells that secreted them (ex steroid hormones have receptors for their own secreted products)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is paracrine communication/mediation? What is one example?

A

paracrine cells secrete chemicals that affect adjacent cells
ex neurons!

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is endocrine communication/mediation?

A

secrete chemicals into bloodstream where they may travel to distant targets
main comm. mode of hormones!

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is ectocrine communication/mediation?

A

ectocrine substances (eg pheromones) are released into environment to communicate w others

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Match the term to the definition:
Any substance produced by a cell that affects function of another cell

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

chemical messenger

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Match the term to the definition:
A peptide hormone produced by a neuron

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neuropeptide

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Match the term to the definition:
A chemical messenger that acts across the neural synapse

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Match the term to the definition:
A chemical messenger that is released into blood and affects function of target cells some distance from source

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

hormone

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Match the term to the definition:
A hormone produced by a neuron

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neurohormone

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Match the term to the definition:
A hormone that changes the response of a neuron to some other factors (eg testosterone)

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neuromodulator

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Match the term to the definition:
A chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, esp. in immune system

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

cytokine

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Match the term to the definition:
A steroid hormone produced by a neuron

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neurosteroid

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

(T/F) Endocrine glands can communicate through ducts

A

FALSE
ductless so rely on blood vessels and exocrine glands for communication!

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

(T/F) endocrine glands have a rich blood supply

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

(T/F) glands can be both endocrine and exocrine

A

TRUE (ex pancreas)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

(T/F) hormone receptors can be located within the cell

A

TRUE (embedded in membrane or within cell)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is “resistance” in relation to hormones?

A

insufficient receptors can cause endocrine deficiency
ex insulin resistance in T2 diabetes

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

What is “cross-reaction”?

A

when blood conc of hormone is high, binding w receptors specific for another related hormone can occur

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Peptide hormones :
- are (water/lipid) soluble
- (can/t) pass through cell membrane without binding to surface receptor
- (need/don’t need) carrier proteins to be transported in blood

A

are water soluble
CAN’T pass thru membrane (use exocytosis)
don’t need carrier proteins to travel in blood

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Steroid hormones :
- are (water/lipid) soluble
- (can/t) pass through cell membrane without binding to surface receptor
- (need/don’t need) carrier proteins to be transported in blood

A

are lipid soluble
CAN pass thru membrane (via diffusion)
NEED carrier proteins to travel in blood

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Catecholamines (tyrosine derivative) are very similar to _______

peptide hormones

Thyroid hormones (tyrosine derivative) are very similar to _____

steroid hormones

2 main examples of peptide hormones

insulin, parathyroid hormone

3 main examples of steroid hormones

estrogen, androgens, cortisol

2 main examples of catecholamines

epinephrine, norepinephrine

1 example of thyroid hormones

thyroxine (T4)

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the hypothalamus?

- control of hormone secretions

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the pineal gland?

- reproductive maturation, body rhythms

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the anterior and posterior pituitary?

- ant: hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads; growth - post: water and salt balance

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the thyroid?

- growth and development, metabolic rate

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the adrenal glands (cortex and medulla)?

- cortex: salt/carb metabolism, inflammatory rxns - medulla: emotional arousal

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans)?

- sugar metabolism

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the gut?

- digestion and appetite control

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the gonads?

- body dev, maintenance of reproductive organs (adults)

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the placenta?

- auxiliary organ to produce hormones necessary for embryonic development

What are the main releasing hormones of the hypothalamus? (6)

- thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) - gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - melanotropin releasing hormone (MRH) - corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) - kisspeptin

What are the main inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus? (3)

- somatostatin (GH inhibiting hormone; GHIH) - gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) - dopamine (DA)

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is synthesized within the _____ and stimulates the secretion of ______

hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormoen

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is synthesized within the _____ and controls release of ____ and ___

hypothalamus; luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is synthesized within the ____ and stimulates secretion of ____

hypothalamus; growth hormone

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is synthesized within the ___ and stimulates cells in anterior pituitary to release____

hypothalamus; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Melanotropin releasing hormone (MRH) is made in the ____ and stimulates the release of _____

hypothalamus; melanotropin

Kisspeptin is made in the ___ and plays a role in initiating secretion of _______

hypothalamus; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

The suffix -tropin or -tropic means

nourishing

Dopamine has (excitatory/inhibitory) actions in endocrine system

inhibitory (excitatory NT)

In the endocrine system, dopamine acts as a primary ______ hormone

prolactin-inhibitory hormone

Somatostatin (GHIH) is made in the ____ and acts to inhibit secretion of ____ and ____

hypothalamus; GH and thyroid-stim. hormone

(T/F) all hypothalamic hormones go through the pituitary

TRUE

Neurohormones from hypothalamus reach anterior pituitary via ______

the portal system

Neurohormones from hypothalamus reach posterior pituitary via _____

direct innervations!

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released from the _____ and stimultaes synthesis and release of ___, ___ and ___ from adrenal glands

anterior pituitary; glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and androgenic steroids

Growth hormone is released from the ____ and acts to promote ___

anterior pituitary; linear growth

Prolactin (PRL) is released from the ____ and promotes ______

anterior pituitary; additional breast dev and milk synthesis

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is released form the _____ and stimulates release of ___ hormone

anterior pituitary; thyroid hormone

Luteinizing hormone (LT) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are released from the ___ and regulate function of _____

anterior pituitary; gonads

Hypothalamic projections are shorter into (anterior/posterior) pituitary

anterior! (posterior is quicker bc longer projections that directly innervate pituitary)

____ and ____ are stored in vesicles @ axon terminals of posterior pituitary

oxytocin and vasopressin

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone; ADH) acts to ____

retain water in body! (constricts blood vessels during blood loss)

Oxytocin plays a role in ___

- reproductive functions (eg contractions) - suckling reflex

The pineal gland's main function is related to ______

control of circadian cycle of sleep/wake by secreting melatonin

Melatonin is synthesized from ____

serotonin!

What did prof say the thyroid gland looks like?

bubble tea

Low levels of dietary ___ can result in reduced thyroid function and hypertrophy manifested as _____

iodine; swelling of neck

4 key functions of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

- reg. of body metabolism - control of dev. of brain and nervous system - sexual maturation - temperature regulation (varies thru seasons -- why you feel colder at same temp in nov vs jan)

Hyperthyroidism is an (over/under) active thyroid. This can cause:

OVER (can cause weight loss, hand tremor, fast HR, weaker periods)

Hypothyroidism is an (over/under) active thyroid. This can cause:

UNDER (can cause weight gain, constipation, fatigue, cold sensitivity-- Ronaldo had this)

____ and ___ are both protein hormones of the thyroid and are directly controlled by blood Ca levels

parathyroid and calcitonin (CT)

The pancreas consists of mostly _____ cells that produce and secrete digestive juices into intestines. It also contains islands of ___ tissue called ______.

exocrine; endocrine tissue called islets of Langerhans

Islets of Langerhan contain 4 cell types:

- alpha cells - beta cells - theta cells - polypeptide secreting cells

Alpha cells in the pancreas produce _____ which acts in opposition to ____

glucagon; insulin (increases blood levels of glucose)

Beta cells in the pancreas produce ____ which is the only known hormone that can _____

insulin; reduce blood sugar

Theta cells in the pancreas produce ____ which inhibits the release of ___ and ___ locally in the pancreas

somatostatin; insulin and glucagon

Distinguish diabetes type 1, 2, (and 3)

T1: genetic, shows up early in life, immune system destroys insulin producing cells in pancreas (beta cells) T2: lifestyle related, body can't make enough insulin bc you're consuming too much sugar OR insulin you make doesn't work properly T3: alterations of metabolism in brain very common in Alzheimers

The adrenal glands sit on top of the ____

kidneys

The adrenal cortex has distinct cellular zones: - zona ____ marked by whorls of epithelial cells - zona ____ in which epithelial cells are organized in orderly bands - zona ____ where epithelial cells have disorganized appearance

- glomerulosa - fasciculata - reticularis

Hormones from the adrenal medulla receive info via ___ Hormones from the adrenal cortex receive info via ____

innervations bloodstream

What are the 3 monoamine hormones released by the adrenal medulla? These function as part of the ___ NS

- epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine - autonomic NS

____ is released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in response to low blood sodium levels

aldosterone

___ are released from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH stimulation from anterior pituitary

glucocorticoid hormones (steroids, lipid based)

___ are often released from the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

sex steroid hormones

Which part of the adrenal gland responds mainly to acute stressors and which to long term stress?

- acute: medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, enkephalins) - prolonged: cortex (aldosterone, glucocorticoid, sex steroid)

What are the 2 main functions of the gonads?

- production of gametes - production of hormones

Hormones produced by the gonads are primarily ___ hormones

steroid

___ cells are interstitial cells btw seminiferous tubules in testes that produce androgens in response to LH from anterior pituitary

Leydig

What are the 3 main functional subunits of the ovaries

- Follicles: epithelial cell lined sacs that contain an egg - Corpora lutea: secrete progestogens which support uterine lining - Stroma: connective tissue of endocrine glands

Why do we say endocrine cells in the gut have a primitive organization?

- scattered throughout the gut

What are the 4 main gastrointestinal hormones?

- Secretin: stimulates pancreas to help digestion - Cholecystokinin (CCK): may be involved in satiation - Gastrin: induces secretion of water/electrolytes by stomach, pancreas, liver - Ghrelin: stimulates GHRH release from ant. pituitary

Negative feedback: a regulatory system that tends to ____ a process when its effects are pronounced by ____ Positive feedback: a regulatory process that tends to ____ an ongoing process by ______ in response to the end product

stabilize; reducing its rate or output accelerate; increasing production

Up-regulation: a process similar to (pos/neg) feedback in which a hormone causes _____ Down-regulation: (under/over)production of a hormone can cause _____ or _____

positive feedback; increase in production of receptors for that hormone OVERproduction; occupation or reduce # of hormone receptors

When a hormone binds to a receptor, it forms the _____

hormonal complex