LECTURE 3- INTELLIGENCE TESTS

Question 1

What is a culture fair test?

Answer 1

created by Raymond Cattell in 1949 as an attempt to measure cognitive abilities devoid of sociocultural and environmental influences

Question 2

Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Answer 2

 Measure the abstracts ability to see relationships between objects, events and information and draw inferences from those relationships
 As in the Wechsler tests, the overall IQ score is based on an individuals deviation from standardised norms
 It is free of cultural influences and language is often favoured as a good measure of ‘g’

Question 3

Raymond cattel- fluid % crystallised intelligence

Answer 3

• General intelligence relies on 2 factors; fluid and crystallised intelligence
• Crystallised intelligence Gc’- acquired knowledge and skills, such as factual knowledge and problem solving- increases through life
• Fluid intelligence ‘Gf’ ability of abstract reasoning, reasoning ability- present from birth and stabilises at adulthood
• Raven progressive matrices measures fluid, WAIS measures both

Question 4

Theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 4

• Howard Gardner 1983
• Challenges the theory of ‘general intelligence’
• He postulated that intelligences reside in separate sections of the brain, are independent of each other, and are not controlled by any central function of the brain
• He identifies 8 intelligences- linguistics/ logical-mathematical/ visuo-spatial/ musical/ bodily kinaesthetic/ interpersonal/ intrapersonal/ naturalistic
• Critiques:
• Some of Gardner’s intelligences are heard to define’ whether they are measurable is questionable e.g. ‘intrapersonal intelligence’
• Empirical research is limited; evidence does not support the existence of separate neural mechanisms (e.g. Waterhouse, 2006)
• Intelligences are intercorrelated with each other highly and with personality traits (e.g. Furnham 2009)
• Ability tests designed to measure intelligences are highly positively correlated with each other and with general intelligence (e.g. Visser et al 2006)

Question 5

Emotional intelligence

Answer 5

• Goleman, 1995 suggested 5 components of emotional intelligence
• 1. Identifying one’s own emotions- self awareness
• 2. Managing and controlling one’s emotions- self regulation
• 3. Emotional states related to a drive for achievement – motivation
• 4. Assess and influence others’ emotions- empathy
• 5. ability to sustain good interpersonal relationships -social skills

Emotional intelligence is linked to a variety of psychiatric conditions, academic and job performance, and health.
* Critiques- Are we measuring personality traits or emotional intelligence

Question 6

CREATIVITY

Answer 6

• Torrance test of creative thinking- subjects are given shapes and are asked to combine them in a picture to complete, use, or combine them in a partial picture- evaluators judge whether the results are more or less creative
• Creativity and intelligence link- the threshold hypothesis; creativity and IQ are correlated only when IQ is below, but not above, a threshold or breakpoint. This hypothesis has mixed finings and is highly debated.
• Correlation between creativity and intelligence is 0.35

Question 7

rational thinking

Answer 7

• Large numbers of highly select university students at MIT and Harvard gave the intuitive but incorrect answer – 10 cents (Frederick, 2005)
• • It has been suggested that rational thinking is a cognitive ability that IQ tests miss (e.g., Stanovich et al., 2020)
• • Performance measures of rational thinking correlate only modestly with IQ (e.g., Toplak et al., 2011)

Question 8

theory of primary mental abilities

Answer 8

The first multi factor theory in 1938 by Louis Leon Thurstone

For this author intelligence was to be understood as a set of primary mental abilities not reducible to a single top-level dimension.

He says g=
number
spatial visualisations
associative memory
verbal comprehensions
reasoning
verbal fluency
perceptual speed

Question 9

3 stratum theory

Answer 9

hierchal theory of intelligence by John Carroll

Stratum III- general level ‘g’

Stratum II- broad features

Stratum I- specific abilities

Question 10

Cattel-horn-carroll theory

Answer 10

integration of fluid & crystallised intelligence and the 3- stratum theory

III= ‘G’

II= broad intelligence- crystallised, fluid, memory, processing speed

1= narrow intelligence- specific forms of cognitive abilities

The CHC theory is basically more comprehensive model that incorporates Carroll’s three stratum theory and Cattell-Horn’s Gf-Gc theory. Both Carroll’s and the CHC theory have three strata (narrow abilities (stratum I), broad abilities (stratum II) and a general intelligence factor (stratum III). However, for example, the stratum II has 8 broad factors/abilities in Carroll’s theory and 16 in the CHC theory.