READING ON INTELLIGENCE

Question 1

Guilfords beliefs on intelligence

Answer 1

• Did not acknowledge the existence of ‘g’
• Instead he proposed intelligence was the result of 150 independent abilities
• His theory is called the structure of intellect theory
• He argued these elementary abilities fall into 3 groups

OPERATIONS

CONTENTS

PRODUCTS

Question 2

CARROLL view on intelligence

Answer 2

• Carroll proposed 3 levels to intelligence which he termed stratums
• Stratum 1- specific levels of intelligence (69)
• Stratum 2- eight broad factors arising from these specific abilities- fluid intelligence, crystallised intelligence, general memory and leaning, broad visual and perception, broad auditory perception, broad retrieval ability, broad cognitive speediness, and processing speed.
• Stratum 3- general level of intelligence , similar to ‘g’

Question 3

CATTELL-HORN-CARROL THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE

Answer 3

Link theories from Cattell horn and Carroll

John Horn expanded the dichotomous Gf-Gc(fluid crystallised model) model to include four additional abilities, including visual perception or processing (Gv), short-term memory (Short-term Acquisition and Retrieval—SAR or Gsm), long-term storage and retrieval (Tertiary Storage and Retrieval—TSR or Glr), and speed of processing

In the early 1990s, Horn added a factor representing an individual’s quickness in reacting (reaction time) and making decisions (decision speed)

CHC theory abilities:
There are 10 broad stratum abilities and over 70 narrow abilities below these

Question 4

The Triarchic theory

Answer 4

(Robert Sternberg 1988)
Alternative to the idea of ‘g’
Explains cognitive aspects of intelligence

• Componential sub theory- mental mechanisms that underlie intelligent behaviour
• Contextual sub theory- mental mechanisms interact with the external world to demonstrate intelligent behaviour
• Experiential sub theory- experience interacts with the internal and external world to form intelligence behaviours

Question 5

The componential sub theory

Answer 5

• Sternberg described 3 sets of components that reflect these internal mechanisms of intelligent functioning
• Meta components= mental mechanisms used by the individual to recognise a problem, to determine the exact nature of the problem, and develop strategies to solve the problem. Monitoring the success of the strategy
• Performance components= processes actually involved in solving the problem. Process involved in perceiving the problem mentally, generating a number of available solutions and comparing them.
• Knowledge- acquisition components= processes involved in acquiring and learning new material and using processes such as sifting out relevant from irrelevant info, putting together new info into a whole and comparing the new info with old info.

Question 6

The contextual sub theory

Answer 6

• Adaption- intelligence behaviour is adapting to the world around the individual.
• Shaping- individual adapting the environment to the individual
• Selection- choosing one environment over another
• To measure contextual sub theory he came up with tacit knowledge- this is ‘action orientated knowledge’ usually learned without the help of others – based on understanding procedures rather than facts

Question 7

The experimental sub theory

Answer 7

• Novelty- ability to deal with novelty is a good way of assessing intelligence.
• Automation- ability to automatise information