Lecture 4 Flashcards by Mariannie Leop

5 Biological Criteria

Adaptability to the culture environment
Hardiness
Feeding characteristics
Reproduction
High meat recovery/yield

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A biological criteria that is related to
➢Temperature
➢Salinity
➢pH
➢Water Quality

Adaptability to the
culture environment

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This refers to the ability of these species to withstand and thrive in a variety of environmental conditions within their natural habitats or in aquaculture settings.

Hardiness

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Aquatic species, whether fish,
crustaceans, mollusks, or plants, can
exhibit different levels of ______ based on their adaptation to specific water quality parameters, temperature ranges, salinity levels, and other environmental factors.

hardiness

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Biological criteria that is concerned to
➢Feeding Frequency
➢Feeding Rate
➢Feeding Behavior
➢Life Stage
➢Type of Feed

Feeding Requirement

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Biological criteria that is concerned with the availability of seed stock (fry/fingerlings) and brood fish capable of spawning, either wild-caught (natural) or hatchery-bred (artificial)

Reproduction

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Biological criteria that refers to the efficient utilization of the edible flesh from a whole fish, minimizing waste and maximizing the amount of meat that can be harvested for human consumption.

High Meat Recovery/Yield

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Achieving this is essential in the fishing and seafood processing industry to increase profitability and reduce resource wastage.

high meat yield

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Concentration of salt measured through salinometer

Salinity

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High tolerance

Generalist

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Need special environment and is vulnerable

Specialist

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Power hydrogen

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High ph level

Basic

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Low ph level

Acidic

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Two types of feeding behavior

Bottom and surface feeder

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Eight production cycles of selected aquaculture species

Eggs
Larvae
Fry
Fingerlings
Juvenile
Adult fish
Brood stock
Spawners

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The earliest stage of development, ____ are typically fertilized by the male and laid by the female. ___ can be externally or internally fertilized, depending on species.

Eggs

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After hatching from eggs, aquatic organisms go through a this stage. These are usually small, transparent, and may have different body shapes than adults.

Larvae / larval stage

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These are juvenile fish or aquatic organisms that have absorbed their yolk sacs and are beginning to feed on external food sources.

Fry

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These are young fish or aquatic organisms that have grown beyond the fry stage. They are typically characterized by the development of fins and scales.

Fingerlings

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These have undergone further growth and development and are approaching a size and stage where they resemble adult individuals. They are usually larger than fingerlings and are often sexually immature.

Juveniles

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This refers to fish that have been raised to a size or stage of development suitable for a specific purpose or market.

Adult Fish

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These are adult individuals selected for breeding purposes in aquaculture.

Broodstock

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This particularly in long-lived species like certain fish, adult individuals of a species that are specifically selected and managed for breeding purposes.

Spawners

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_____ is a freshwater fish known for its hardiness, resistance to disease, ease to breeding, rapid growth and omnivorous feeding habits. A mouth-brooder. Are nest builders; fertilized eggs are guarded in the nest by a brood parent. Eggs hatch in about 5-7 days. After hatching the fry remain in the mouth of the female for another 4-7 days.

Tilapia

They are omnivorous and cannibalistic and will feed on their fry if food is not abundant. They has firm pharyngeal teeth set on a triangular blade. And they are relatively euryhaline

Tilapia

Tilapia are _____ and ____ and will feed on their fry if food is not abundant and they are relatively _____

omnivorous and cannibalistic; euryhaline

Tilapia female spawn every ___ weeks but may spawn sooner if the eggs are removed. They can be sexed when it has attained the weight of ___. Female of about 100 grams may produce approximately ___ eggs per spawning while a female weighing 100-600 grams can produce _____ or more per spawning.

4-6 15 grams 100 1,000-1,500

Tilapia males grow faster by _____ % than females

10-20

Common tilapia species cultured in the Philippines (5)

1. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 2. Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) 3. Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) 4. Red Tilapia 5. Other Hybrids

______ is a national fish of Philippines where it is known as ‘Bangus.’ It is a delectable fish which grows fast and can tolerate a wide range of salinity.

Milkfish (Chanos chanos)

Milkfish is ______ and _____ feeder

herbivore/detritivore and benthic feeder

Milkfish is a ____ which utilizes fine gill rakers to concentrate plankton inhabiting the water column. It is also Euryhaline and Eurythermal.

filter feeder

Milkfish is not ____ so it can be grown at higher densities and can be polyculture with other finfishes and crustaceans.

piscivorous

Milkfish Adults reach sexual maturity in ___ yrs in nature and in large floating cages but may take as long as ____ years in ponds and concrete tanks.

3-5 8-10

Milkfish produce from _____ million eggs in 3-13 kg females. Adult milkfish are large (to ____), long-lived (to 18 years), silvery and streamlined, pelagic and schooling. Incubation periods until hatching vary from ____ hrs after fertilization at 26 to 32°C and 29 to 34 ppt salinity.

0.5 to 6 1.5 meter or 15 kg 20 to 25

The site for milkfish should have a minimum water depth of ___ meters; good quality of water with optimal.

0.8-1m

___ can be grown in freshwater and tolerates low levels of DO and high levels of Ammonia compared to other cultivable fish species.

Milkfish

_____ is considered as the “Father of Shrimp Farming” Japan became the springboard for development of the industry.

Dr. Motosaku Fujinaga

Prawns and shrimps may belong to the freshwater, egg bearing family _____ or the marine, non-egg bearing Family ______

Palaemonidae; Penaeidae

The U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization has adopted the convention of referring to all Palaemonids as ___ and all Penaeids as ___.

prawns; shrimps

Second segment overlaps both the first and third segments

Shrimp

Each segment overlaps the one behind, so the second segment overlaps the third one only

Prawn

Shrimp or prawn Has Distinct bends, Two pairs, Lamellar (Plate-like), and Release eggs into the water

Shrimp

Shrimp or prawn No distinct bends, Three pairs, Branching, and Brood eggs on the underside of their body water

Prawn

Prawn/Shrimp Species (5)

1. Penaeus monodon 2. Penaeus indicus and P. merguiensis 3. Metapenaeus ensis 4. Penaeus vannamei 5. Macrobrachium rosenbergii

____ commonly known as the giant tiger prawnor Asian tiger shrimp, is a large and economically important species of shrimp belonging to the family Penaeidae.

Penaeus monodon

This shrimp or prawn specie has the body coloration that can vary, but it often features a combination of dark bands and spots on a lighter background, resembling the stripes of a tiger, hence the common name "tiger prawn."

Penaeus monodon

Penaeus monodon is locally known as ____

Sugpo or Lukon

It is the biggest member of the penaeid group with individuals from offshore catches reportedly reaching 500-600 grams in body weight. It can also survive a wide range of temperature and salinity levels although many farmers observe that it grows faster in low salinity ponds (10-25 ppt). It is omnivorous and feeds on a wide range of prey, including small fish, crustaceans, and detritus.

Penaeus monodon

This is known as the white shrimp, banana shrimp, hipong puti, putian. They are fast-growing and have a quick turnover rate in ponds –– sizes of 10-20 g at high density and 20-30 g at low density can be attained after 3 months with harvests of 300-400 kg/ha/crop. Can tolerate higher pond salinities making an ideal alternate crop to P. monodon during dry months.

Penaeus indicus and P. merguiensis

This is known as the greasyback shrimp, suahe, pasayan. It has a short growing period of 2-3 months in ponds, attaining market sizes of 10-15 g. It is more resistant to handling than putian.

Metapenaeus ensis

Known as the Pacific White Shrimp, “suati”. Adults live and spawn in the open ocean, while post larvae migrate inshore to spend their juvenile, adolescent and sub-adult stages in coastal estuaries, lagoons or mangrove areas.

Penaeus vannamei

Penaeus vannamei also known as the Pacific White Shrimp, “suati”. Adults live and spawn in the ____, while post larvae migrate inshore to spend their juvenile, adolescent and sub-adult stages in coastal estuaries, lagoons or mangrove areas.

open ocean

____ also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn or “ulang”, is a commercially important species of Palaemonid freshwater prawn. They are predominantly brownish in color, but can vary.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Catfish ____ ‘bighead catfish’ and ____ 'walking catfish' are indigenous in Philippine waters, locally called native or ‘hito’ or ‘hitong tagalog’ can no longer be found in abundance.

Catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) ‘bighead catfish’ and Clarias batrachus (walking catfish)

The imported _____ is more abundant. It a fast-growing farmed fish specie, it is native to most water bodies in Africa.

African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

_____ or locally known as “dalag” also called ‘snakehead murrel’. It is considered economically important because of its palatable, highly nutritional, and high medicinal value characteristics. It is also tolerant to adverse environmental conditions and resilient to climate change.

Mudfish (Channa striata)

Mudfish (Channa striata) is capable of air-breathing through its _____ organs.

supra-pharyngeal

The female mudfish is usually bigger than the male and can be distinguished by its ___ when ready to spawn.

girth

Mudfish fry feed on ____ like rotifers and copepods. They are predaceous and cannibalistic.

zooplankton

____ fry feed on zooplankton like rotifers and copepods. They are predaceous and cannibalistic.

Mudfish

The ____ are the translucent and colorless stage of eel juveniles. They travel hundreds to even thousand kilometers to reach the mouth of rivers to start their inland migration to freshwaters.

glass eels

The ____ sexually mature into silver eels, characterized by the gray/silver lateral pigmentation, while the ventral part is whitish.

yellow eels

The ____ migrate downstream in rivers to estuaries until they reach their spawning grounds in marine waters.

silver eels

In the Philippines, the minimum legal size for export is above 15 cm elvers. Illegal trade in eels, also known as ____

elver smuggling

The only well-documented work on thebreeding and reproduction in captivity of anguillid eels are for the ______ led by Japanese scientists. They are not yet economically viable due to very low survival of larval stages in the hatchery.

Japanese eel (A. japonica)

Named because of their whiskers and its ability to walk or wiggle on land

Catfish or hito

Native catfish is depleting due to ____

Habitat loss

When culturing a catfish, male catfish is ____ para makuha ang milk tapos e induce to female catfish

sacrificed

It is unsuccessful to hybridized this even with the existing technology may be because it undergoes different environment on their life stages.

Eel

Eggs can be _____ fertilized, depending on species.

externally or internally

Famous study of Dr. Motosaku Fujinaja

‘Reproduction, development and rearing of Penaeus japonicus bate’

Lecture 4 Flashcards

(73 cards)