Theoretical Framework [2]
A Theoretical Framework is a model that represents the researcher’s beliefs on how certain variables are related to each other and why they are associated.
It flows logically from the literature review; while the literature review documents previous research, the theoretical framework identifies and explains the specific network of relationships among the variables deemed integral to the study.
Dependent Variable (DV)
The variable of primary interest. The goal is to explain or predict the variability of this variable.
Independent Variable (IV) [2]
The variable that influences the DV. An increase or decrease in the IV causes a change in the DV
Example: In a study on health, Smoking is the Independent Variable (cause), and Cancer is the Dependent Variable (effect)
Define a Moderating Variable (MV). [2]
Moderating Variable is a qualitative (e.g., gender) or quantitative (e.g., age) factor that affects the direction and/or strength of the relationship between the Independent and Dependent variables.
Example: The introduction of a four-day workweek (IV) leads to higher productivity (DV), especially among younger workers (MV). Here, age modifies the relationship
Mediating (Intervening) Variable [2]
A conceptual mechanism that surfaces between the time the IV operates to influence the DV. It helps explain how the IV affects the DV but often cannot be directly measured.
Example: A pizza party (IV) increases motivation to work (Mediator), which results in higher productivity in the work force (DV).
Extraneous Variable
Undesirable variables that influence the outcome of a study but are not the variables of interest. These must be controlled to ensure valid results
