Lecture 4

Question 1

What is the name of the following structures?

Answer 1

1. Nasal cavity
2. Oral cavity
3. Soft palate
4. Osophegus
5. Trachea
6. Laryngopharynx
7. Nasopharynx
8. Larynx

Question 2

Describe the pathway of air from the nasal cavity to the trachea:

Answer 2

passes from the nasal cavity (passes through the choane , then to the nasopharynx, then through the intrapharangeal ostium to the larynx and then the trachea

Question 3

Describe the pathway of food from the oral cavity to the osephegas:

Answer 3

food passes from the oral cavity to the oropharynx thn through the intrapharangeal ostium, then to the laryngopharynx and down the oesphegus

Question 4

What is the pharynx?

Answer 4

a membrane lined cavity behind the nose and the mouth that acts to connect it to the osesphagus

Question 5

Name the following strucutures:

Answer 5

1. nasal cavity
2. hard palate
3. soft palate
4. Nasopharynx
5. Interpharangeal ostium
6. Epiglottis
7. Choana
8. Oral cavity
9. Oropharynx
10. Laryngopharynx

Question 6

What is the relationship between the epiglottis and the soft palate?

Answer 6

The epiglottis only just overlaps with the soft palate

Question 7

What are the names of the structures that make up the hard palate?

Answer 7

• palantine processes of incisive, maxilla and palantine bones
• palantine fissure and palantine foramina

Question 8

What are the names of the structures that make up the soft palate?

Answer 8

• Connective tissue aponeurosis and pharangeal muscles
• Palatopharangeal arches
• Intrapharyngeal arches

Question 9

Why are horses obligate nasal breathers?

Answer 9

horses are obligate nasal breathers because the long soft palate overlaps caudally with the epiglottis meaning they are unable to inhale by using their mouths

Question 10

What is the main function of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 10

suspends the larynx like a swing

Question 11

Name the following parts of the hyoid apparatus:

Answer 11

1. Stylohoid
2. Basihyoid

Question 12

What is the eustacian tube?

Answer 12

auditory tube connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear:

• narrow lumen
• inverted U shaped cartiladge
• lined with a mucus membrane
• slit like pharangeal opening

Question 14

What are the main functions of the auditory tube?

Answer 14

• equalisation of the atmospheric pressure on two sides of the tympanic membrane
• drains fluid/mucus out of the middle ear cavity

Question 15

What is the name given to the diverticulum of the eustachian tube found within horses?

Answer 15

Gutteral pouch. Divided by the stylohyoid into a large medial 2/3rds and a small lateral 1/3rd compartement