Rising costs of CJS
- victim cost
- CJS Cost
- Criminal Opportunity Costs
- Intangible costs
Victims have a right to:
- Information
- Participation
- protection
- Restitution/restoration
Define Policing
“The activities of any individual or organization acting legally on behalf of PUBLIC or PRIVATE organizations or persons to maintain security or social order” ( Griffiths, 2019:69)
Pluralization of policing
Public policing + private policing
Legislative framework of Police
- charter
- Federal, provincial and municipal legislation
- Police Acts (Federal & provincial)
Two Police Role perspective
- Social Contrast Perspective
2. Radical Perspective
Social Contrast Perspective
Consensus Model
Giving up some rights in order fo the state to protect them
not allowed to just do anything or say anything we want
CJS deals with eh punishments
Radical Perspective
Conflict Model
- Conflict between classes
- . Power struggle between two groups Usually powerful vs less powerful
Key Values Guiding Police Work
- Justice
- Equality
- Accountability
- Efficiency
Tension in Police work
- Rights: Victims vs. Offenders
- Guilts: Factual vs. Legal
- Accountability: Autonomy vs Oversight
Police Governance structure
- Police Acts: Legislative Framework
- Policing standards; government issued Document
- Police boats and commissions: Oversight
Primary Activities of Police
- crime control
- Order maintenance
- Crime prevention
Define Diversification /Downloading
Police now respond to issue that they weren’t original part of their mandate. Non-law enforcement issues.
Problem is it increase the cost of CJS
Legal updates may impact Police by
- change what is considered to be a crime (e.g) Drugs
- Equip the police with new poewr
- Require the police to follow additional rules
Multifaceted Policing Roles
- Community Partnership
- Decreases fear of Crime
- Outreach to special community groups
- Multiagency Partnerships
- Data-led policing (Griffiths, 2019:76)
All to increase the “quality of life policing”
The nine Peelian Principle
- The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder
- The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions
- Police must secure the willing co-operation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public
- The degree of co-operation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force
- Police seek and preserve public favour not by pandering to public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law
- Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient
- Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence
- Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary
- The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it
Structure of Policing in Canada
- Public Policing
- Private Security/parapolice services
- Other agencies
Federal Police
RCMP
Accountable under the RCMP Act
Standardized training in Depot
3 main provincial police force
- Ontario Provincial Police (OPP)
- Surete Du Quebec(SQ)
- Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC)
Regional Police
e.g. eastern canada
Less expensive
more effective
lots of resistance in the police force
Municipal Police enforce
Federal Law (e.g) Criminal Code, Controlled Drugs and substances Act Provincial Statues (e.g.) traffic Municipal Bylaws E.g. Smoking
Police recruitments (Basic Qualifications)
Canadian Citizenship
Minimum age of 19
Physical Fitness
Gr.12
Police recruitment ( Preferred Qualifications)
Second language/culture
Volunteer experience
Post secondary
Work/life experiences
Working personality of Police officers
Suspicion
Cynicism
Secrecy
