Difference mechanisms to which police are held accountable
- Criminal Code
- Civil Law
- Provincial Statues
- Freedom of Information Acts
- Police Acts
- Police Boards Complaints Commissions
- Investigative units
Police Codes of conduct/ethics are found in
- Police Acts
2. Police Service Regulations & Procedures Manuals(RPMs)
Define Police Discretion
“The power or rights to decide or act according to one’s own judgment” (Griffiths, 2019: 106)
Define Typifications:
“Constructs based on patrol officer’s experience that denote what is typical about people and events routinely encountered” (Griffiths, 2019:106)
Abnormality in an neighbourhood would draw attention
Define Recipes for Actions
“The action typically taken by patrol officers in various kinds of encounter situations” (Griffiths, 2019: 106)
Define Bias-Free policing
“Requires that decisions be based on reasonable suspicion or probable grounds rather than stereotypes about race, religion, ethnicity, gender or other prohibited grounds” ( Canadian Association of chefs of police, 2001 as cited in Griffiths, 2019:106)
Define Pretext policing:
“Police stop for searches for a minor reason that are used for more intrusive intervention”( Griffiths, 2019:07)
Criminal Profiling
Similar to typification
Reliance on instinct
NOT racial profiling (Griffiths, 2019:107)
Street checks
Techniques for information and intelligence gathering
Different reasons to stop a person for a “street check”
Criminal code provides the legal authority to police to use force
- Duty
- Reasonable grounds
- Proportional
- Responsibility
describe the level of Force Options:
- Officer Presence
- Dialogue: Communications
- Empty Hands”: Physical force
- Compliance Tools: Equipments/weapons
- Lethal Force: Incapacitation
5 Police powers in Investigations
- Entrapment
- Mr. BIg
- Search & seizure
- Detention/arrest
- Accused’s right to remain Silent
Entrapment
Police action results in committing an offence that they would. not have committed.
talking someone into committing a crime
Issues of police conduct
Separate from the issue of guilt or innocence
Misuse of Police power
Mr. Big
Investigative strat
Police know what the target is suppose to have done
Police use deception and create fictitious situation
Introduce crime suspects to fictitious crime boss: “Mr.Big”
Crime suspects can only join the group if they confess to a major Crime
Misuse of power (illegal)
often leads to false confessions
Search and Seizure
R. V. S.A.B [2003 SCC 60] defined reasonable searches:
- Permissible by law
- Reasonable law
- Reasonable manner of search
Search and Seizure (Search Warrant)
require reasonable and probable grounds Information sworn under oath Justice of the peace Required in certain situations Issued based on information that officer provides
Power to detain/arrest is provided by:
Criminal Code
Federal statues
Provincial Statues
Difference between Detention vs Arrest
Detention:
Short period of time
to establish probable cause/reasonable ground
lower standard
Arrest:
Based on Probable cause
Has to be taken to magistrate within a certain span of time
Follows up with a hearing to help with the arrest
Accused’s right to remain silent
S.7 and s.11 (c) of the Charter
2 types of Traditional police Performance Measures
- Crime rates:
Number of reported crimes/ total population x 100,000 - Clearance rate:
Number of “cleared crimes/ Number of reported Crimes
Models of Policing
- Professional Model of Policing (3Rs) ( 1st gen )
- Community Policing Models ( 3ps) (2nd gen)
- Post-Community policing Model ( 3rd Gen )
Professional Model of Policing (3Rs)
1st Gen
Random Patrol
Random Response
Random investigation
Community Policing Models ( 3Ps)
2nd Gen
Prevention
Problem-solving
“Partnership with the community” ( Griffiths, 2019:135)
Post-Community Policing Model (3Cs)
3rd Gen
Crime Prevention
Crime response
Crime attack ( Griffiths, 2019: 136)
