PSY 102 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is memory?

A

a single term that reflects the retention of information over time

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2
Q

What are the 4 kinds of memory?

A
  • sensory memory
  • short-term memory
  • Long term memory
  • working memory
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3
Q

What is sensory memory?

A
  • each sense had it’s own system (eg. iconcic, echoic)
  • the duration is short, but capacity is very large
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4
Q

What is short term memory?

A
  • related to working memory,
  • duration of information lasts about 20 seconds
  • everything in your head right now
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5
Q

Who is tested sensory memory?

A
  • George Sperling
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6
Q

What is the duration for sensory memory?

A
  • 1/2 sec for visual
  • 2-4 seconds for auditory
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7
Q

How long is the duration of short term memory?

A

duration of information lasts about 20 seconds

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8
Q

What is the golden rule for short term memory?

A
  • 5+ or -2
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9
Q

What is working memory?

A
  • holds information temporarily for analysis
  • up to 30 sec without rehearsal
  • limited to 5-9 items
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10
Q

What is the duration of working memory?

A

up to 30 sec without rehearsal

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11
Q

What is Chunking (short term memory)

A

way to group information in meaningful ways

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12
Q

What is rehearsal?

A
  • simple; repeat information
  • elaborate: make meaning of the information
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13
Q

what is the duration and capacity of longterm memory?

A

infinite

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14
Q

Two types of long term memory?

A
  • explicit (declarative)
  • implicit (non- declarative)
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15
Q

What are explicit memories?

A
  • Explicit memories are those we consciously try to remember and recall
  • storage of facts and events and is the type of memory you are aware of having and can consciously express
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16
Q

What are the 2 types of explicit memories?

A
  • episodic memory
  • semantic
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17
Q

What is episodic memory ?

A
  • Episodic memory is information about events we have personally experienced
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18
Q

What is semantic memory?

A
  • our knowledge about facts
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19
Q

What are non- declarative or implicit memories?

A
  • Are not part of our consciousness.
  • They are memories formed from behaviors.
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20
Q

What are 2 types of implicit memories ?

A
  • procedural
  • emotional conditioning
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21
Q

What is Procedural memory?

A
  • information about how to do things
  • where you are able to perform actions without consciously monitoring
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22
Q

What is Emotional Conditioning?

A
  • Memories acquired through classical conditioning, - you get when smelling the aroma of favorite food truck while walking by.
  • Associations are created implicitly between stimuli that commonly occur together
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23
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A
  • encoding
  • storage
  • retrieval:
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24
Q

What is Encoding

A

process of getting information into our memory

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25
What is storage?
maintaining information over time
26
What is retrieval?
accessing information when you need it
27
What do you need for succesful encoding?
- Attention - unless you pay attention, it won’t be encoded - Depth of processing - phonological - visually - meaning
28
What is phonological ?
- sound of voice
29
What are Mnemonics ?
- Imagery - Name of expression - Chaining
30
What is imagery?
- Attach image to help recall memory - the more bizarre, the better
31
What is name of expression?
- first letter each item in a list is re-arranged to form a list is re-arranged to form a phrase or word - please excuse my fear aunt sally
32
What is Chaining?
- development of a story or image that connects information
33
What are memory traces? (engrams)
- changes in our brain as a result of experiences
34
What is consolidation?
- process that stabilizes memory traces - like pen on paper
35
What is Retention interval ?
- time between encoding and retrieval
36
What is Retrieval ?
- process by which information is retrieved from memory
37
What is the diffrencce between aviablability and acessability?
- You know the humming of a song - the song was available, but you couldn’t access that
38
You know it's retrival when there is .....
- cued recall - giving hints - recognition - given options and recognizing
39
What are types of Encoding?
- context dependent memory - state dependant memory - Mood dependant memory
40
What is context dependent memory ?
- match in *physical* or *external* context between encoding and retrieval > *if you learn in class, you will do better than learning in a coffee shop. because you are writing the exam in class.* > > *Scuba divers who learned words under water, remember better under water* >
41
What is state dependant memory ?
- match in *internal/ mental* context between encoding and retrieval > *memorize list of words while you’re drunk, other group memorizes while sober* > > *asked to recall the list of words* > > *sober people recalled words well while sober but not drunks* > > *drunk people who recalled words sober didn’t do well, but they did well while drunk* >
42
What is Mood dependant memory?
- match in mood between encoding and retrieval
43
What are encoding failures?
- information was never learned in the first place > *trying to find a shirt that you didn't buy in the first place* >
44
What are Retrieval failures ?
- cues - tips of the tongue
45
What are Interferences?
- proactive - retroactive
46
What is proactive?
- old interferes with new > call your new partner your old partner’s name >
47
What is retroactive?
- new interferes with old > call old partner your new partner’s name >
48
What are Serial position effects ?
- probability of remembering depends on the position of items to remember - you remember the things at the begging and last, skip the middle
49
What is the Von Restorff effect ?
tendency to remember distinctive stimuli ?
50
What is Adaptive?
when you forget becasue it's - painful or embarrassing - Efficient
51
What is Amnesia ?
- Memory disorder (biologically based)
52
Who were the 7 sins of memory by?
Dr. Schacter
53
What are the 7 sins of memory?
- forgetting - transience - absent mindedness - blocking - misattribution - suggestibility - bias
54
What is transience?
as time passes our ability to access decreases
55
Who is Herman Ebbinghaus?
- used himself as a subject - studied list 30 meaningless syllabus - recalled after certain intervals have passed
56
What is Misattribution
confusing source of information
57
What is suggestibility ?
- distorted memories due to external sources - huge implications in eye testimony - cops use certain words that distort events
58
What is the Misinformation effect (Dr. Elizabeth Loftus)
> *did the car go through a yeild sign* > > *or the stop sign?* > > *she showed people a fake photo, with a yeild sign, and not a stop sign* >
59
How do verbs influence eye testimony?
- participants were asked to watch a video of two cars in an accident - responded to a number of questions - changed the verb: contacted, smashed, hit, bumped, or collided - then 1 month later, they were asked did you see broken glass
60
What is Bias?
- expectations and beliefs can distort memories - read a story about a political candidate, and you assume that they are white
61
What is stereotypical bias ?
- gender, race - age - body weight
62
What is Egocentric ?
- enhancing memories of the past
63
What is Hindsight?
I knew it all along
64
What is Persistence?
- Memory is “stuck” in your head - unwanted memories - PTSD
65
What is an Engram?
changes in our brain as a result of experiences (memory traces)
66
Who was Karl Lashley?
- locate areas of the brain where engrams are stored - trained rats to run mazes - create lesions in the brain - focused on the cerebral cortex - Equipotential hypothesis
67
What is the Equipotential hypothesis?
another area of the brain can take over memory functions
68
What is the Amygdala?
- regulates fear and aggression - explicit and implicit memories - extinction of fear in rats - US - shock, NS - tone, UR/CR - fear
69
What is the Cerebellum
implicit memories and conditioned response
70
Which memeories are in the prefrontal cortex?
- Semantic memory - Working memory
71
What does the Hippocampus do in regard to memeories?
- codes explicit memories - difficulties with forming new memories
72
What are the two types of Amnesia ?
- Anterograde - Retrograde
73
What is Anterograde amnesia?
- brain trauma - difficulties with new information - Clive wearing
74
What is Retrograde amnesia?
- brain trauma - difficulties with old information - Ex. NFL player Scott Bolzan
PSY 102
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