1
Q
psychology is NOT
A
- reading people’s mind
- common sense
2
Q
What are the four goals of Psychology ?
A
- describe: what, where, when of mental process
- why: why do we get jealous
- predict: when do people discriminate
- limit: Harmful behavior
3
Q
6 steps of the scientific method?
A
- observe ( we observe the phenomenon)
- if I notice that some kids are rough when they play, but others are more calm
- hypothesis
- I hypothesize….children are more aggressive because they play more violent video games
- there are often more than 1 hypothesis
- predict
- during the next school year, if I see which kids play video games, I’ll know who’s being more violent
- test
- I’ll measure how many games they play during the summer, I’ll ask the teachers to keep track of violent behaviour. then I can check if my data supports the hypothesis
- I can also have a sample group, one playing video games, the other read a book. Who will be more violent
- Modify
- if I made the kids read the book, they would be more aggressive
- It’s okay for your data to not support
- come up with another hypothesis
- Repeat
4
Q
types of psychologists
A
- Research
- Applied
5
Q
How to spot pseudoscience?
A
You know it’s pseudoscience
exaggerated claims blowing these minds
overreliance on anecdotes
no peer review is that a hoax
got the data going ghost
6
Q
What are the dangers of pseudoscience ?
A
opportunity costs
Erodes trust
Harm
Inability to think scientifically as citizens
7
Q
Why we believe pseudoscience?
A
sunk cost fee
conformation bias
Dunning Kruger effect
8
Q
What are opportunity costs?
A
if you are feeling distressed, you go to pseudoscience treatment and to to a professional
9
Q
Eroded trust in science sounds like
A
Why trust science? They give you grantees, but in science, there is uncertainty
10
Q
An example of Harm being caused due to pseudoscience
A
girl that lost her life because 673 pound man sat on her
11
Q
What does it mean to have an Inability to think scientifically as citizens
A
you will always take the guarantee, but there in real science there is a variable that could go wrong
12
Q
Why we believe pseudoscience?
A
- sunk cost fee
- conformation bias
- Dunning Kruger effect
13
Q
What is sunk cost fee?
A
you will fight for the left side, because you don’t want your belief to be wrong. Even if there is data to believe
14
Q
What is conformation bias?
A
we attend info that confirms our beliefs, and avoid things that disapprove out beliefs
15
Q
What is the Dunning Kruger effect?
A
- experts believe that the more they know the less they know (depends on context)
- but nauvicists is too confident inn their beliefs
16
Q
What are Scientific principles
A
- rival hypothesis
- Correlation vs. causation
- falsifiability/ testability
- Replicability
- Extraordinary claims
- Parsimony (Occam’s Razor
17
Q
What is Parsimony (Occam’s Razor )
A
- sometimes the simple answer is the best answer
- pseudoscceince likes to make things complicated
18
Q
Who developed the first Psychological theories?
A
- Hippocrates developed one of the first psychological theories
- people philosophized about psychology
- psychology branch that developed from philosophy
19
Q
What are the four Humors of
A
- sanguine (enthusiastic, active, social)
- blood
- Choleric (aggressive, excess of yellow bile
- Yellow bile
- Melancholic (depression)
- Black-bile
- Phlegmatic
- sympathetic behavior
20
Q
Who discovered Hypnosis
A
Frans Anton Mesmer discovers hypnosis
21
Q
Who was the Father of Psychology
A
Wilhelm Wundt, creates the first psychology laboratory
22
Q
Wilhelm wundut was a structuralist. Define structuralism
A
structuralism : examining and identifying the basic structure of the human experience
23
Q
What are the limitations of Structuralism
A
- Subjectivity
- Imageless thought
- Not enough to just describe our mental experiences
24
Q
Who was a functionalist
A
William James
25
How would a functionalist think about pain? a structuralist?
- A **structuralist** would want to know *the experience of pain*
- A **functionalist** would ask *why we feel pain?*
26
Who was a female psychologist ?
Mary Whiton Calkins: first woman president of APA
27
Was Sigmund Freud a psychologist?
no.
28
what did Sigmund Freud believe about the unconscious
- Mind is like an Iceberg
- bulk of it is hidden underneath the surface
- and the little part is the part that makes us conscious
- What guides are emotions and behavior is the unconscious
29
Who used dream analysis and why?
Sigmund Freud used dream analyses: window to our conscious
30
Describe the Freudian Slip
- he was in the states and giving lectures at the university
- he heard two young women talking “ his two pubic lectures”
- public lecture was meant
- he assumed that she wanted to sleep to her
31
Who invented Behaviorism?
- John Watson and Skinner
> if we can’t observe and measure, it’s not a science
- they wanted to observe; observable behavior
32
Describe the cognitive revolution?
2 different responses, but same situation
33
Cognitive psychology states....
- our mind as a computer
- takes information as input
- then processes through chips and circuits
- The software was our problem solving strategies
34
Who invented Humanistic psychology?
Carl rogers, Abraham Maslow
35
What does Humanistic psychology state ?
All humans beings has the innate desire to self actualize and ability to become the best version of themselves
36
What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs
- Safety needs
- Belongingness and love needs
- Esteem needs
- Self actualization: full potential
37
What is a case study?
study with one person or a small group of individuals
38
Pros and Cons of using case study
pros: Existence proofs, in-depth results
cons: May not generalize out of the real world
39
What is naturalistic observation
When we go to park and see how many people picked up something.
40
Pros and cons of naturalistic observation
pros...
- high external validity
- Observe in natural context
Cons
- Observe in natural context
- Our behavior changes while being observed
41
What is Archival Research
They are records, you look at all the archives and researches that already exist
42
Pros and cons of Archival Research
pros..
- Less invasive
- You can collect research without having to talk to anybody
cons...
Lack of quality control
You lack control of what data is available
43
What are surveys?
- Questionnaires
- You must find a way to objectively measure
44
What are the pros and cons of Surveys
pros...
- Ease of administration
- Self report measures
- Random selection (you want to be able to make generalizations)
cons....
- response error bias
- Malingering ( faking good or faking bad)
- Ambiguity (How often to you feel happy?) ( many times?) what number is many?)
45
What is a correlational study?
- Relationship between two variables
- Are changes in one variable related to changes on another
- -1.0 perfect negative correlation
- +1.0 perfect positive correlation
46
What is Correlation by design?
- people try to look for something to blame
- but if nothing happens, they won’t try to blame anything
47
What is an Experimental Design ?
- one person told to take 20 dollars and spend on yourself
- one person told to do donate it
- the person who donated it was happier
48
What is random assignment ?
- you can’t choose which group you want to be in
- help us eliminate bias
- Manipulation: spend it on yourself or others
- dependent variable: how money affects our happiness
- independent is under the experimental control
- dependent depends on the independent
49
What is the Experimenter effect
- bias in our observations
- researchers don’t know who they are researching
- DR. Rosenthal’s Maze bright and Maze dull rats
- treated rats differently based on preconception
50
Qausi - Experimental design
- Not random Assignment
- ethical concerns
- Existing group emebership
- Maritial status
- ethnicity
- childhood experience
51
What are dendrites?
- antenna of the neuron
- receives chemical information from other neurons
52
What is soma ?
- contains the nucleus, keeps the neuron alive
- factory of the neuron
53
What is Axon?
- messenger - specialized for sending messages to other neurons
- Myelin sheath
54
What does the Axon terminal do?
transforms electrical message to a chemical message - release of neurotransmitters
55
What are Synaptic vesicles ?
tiny sacks, contains neurotransmitters that travel down length of Axon
56
What is the Synapse ?
tiny fluid filled space between terminal button of one neuron and dendrite of another synaptic cleft
57
what is resting potential ?
- uneven distribution of charges particles +/- charge
- there has to be a change of voltage that signals the
- when the neuron is resting is -60 millivolts
58
What is Threshold of excitation?
- change in voltage needed to trigger an action potential (electric impulse)
- Excitatory postsynaptic potentials
- received enough messages, so sends it’s own
- inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
59
What is Action potential ?
- universal language of neurons
- Abrupt waves of electrical discharge
- + ions rush in, - ions rush out
- All or none
- once it fires it fires, there is no sending along a weaker signal
- they work as an on off switch, not a dimmer
60
What is Absolute refractory period ?
brief period when no further action potential can occur
61
What is the Myelin sheath
- insulated layer made up protein and fatty substances
- nodes of Ranvier
- can make the signal to travel faster through the process called saltatory conduction
62
What is Saltatory conduction ?
- allows action potential to “jump” between the Nodes of Ranvier
- to skip between the nodes
63
How many speeds do neurons have?
1 speed
64
What is Reuptake
- stops the messaging of NT’S
- A re-absorption of NT’S back into the axon terminals
- the neuron gets recycled and gets reused
65
What is Glutamate for?
- the accelerator
- enhanced learning and memory
- schizophrenia
66
What is GABA for?
- the break
- Learning memory, and sleep
67
What is Acetylcholine for ?
- Arousal, selective attention, memory, and sleep
- memory loss in Alzheimer's
68
What is Dopamine for?
- accelerator and the break
- reward system
69
What is serotonin for?
well being and mood
70
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
- panning
- executive functions
- language (Broca’s area)
- Motor cortex
- if you damage this part of the brain, you can’t move
71
What is the Parietal lobe responsible for ?
- somatosensory cortex
- touch and sensation
72
What is the Occipital lobe responsible for?
visual cortex
73
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
- auditory cortex
- Wernicke’s area
74
What is Broca's area responsible for ?
- frontal lobe (left hemisphere)
- language production (spoken and written)
- words make sense but difficult to produce
75
What is Wernicke's area responsible for ?
- Temporal laterization (left hemisphere)
- language comprehension
- word salad
- they communicate very fast, but you have no idea what they are trying to say
76
What is brain laterization?
- works contralaterally (opposite side)
- cognitive functions rely on one side more than the other
77
What is the left hemisphere responsible for?
- Fine tuned language skills
- facial expression and motion
- reading writing
78
What is the Right hemisphere responsible for?
- language skills
- visuospatial skills
- tone of voice
- simple speech
- face perception
79
What is Phrenology
an incorrect map of the mind
80
Who invented phernology?
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
81
Who was Dr. Wilder Penfield?
- Montreal procedure: stimulate certain areas of the brain while patient was awake
- used to locate areas responsible for triggering
- if they can locate where the sensation victims felt before the seizure, he could cut that part out and cure them
82
How do we monitor our brains today?
- EEG Electroencephalograph
- CT scans (Computed tomography)
- functional Magnetic resonance imaging (FRMI)
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
83
What does EEG do?
- Measures electrical activity
- “Listen in on the brain”
- which areas of the brain are active
84
What do CT scans (Computed tomography) do?
- structural image
- creates an image of what our brains look like
85
What do functional Magnetic resonance imaging (FRMI) do ?
measures changes in blood and oxygen levels
86
What is Transcranial magnetic stimulation ?
- magnetic fields to stimulate or dampen neuronal activity
- infer causation
- Montreal procedure without cutting open your skull
PSY 102
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