three ethical layers of defining health or care
- epistemic (who defines)
- moral (what duties arise)
- Political (how power flows)
biomedical model
health = absence of disease
biopsychosocial model
health = interaction of biological, psychological, social factors
capability approach
amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum -> health as capability to live the life one values
ecological and planetary health ethics health definition
health = interdependence between humans, animals, and ecosystems
planetary health
ethical duty beyond human well-being
how do digital Toole redefine health
from episodic illness -> continuous surveillance
epistemic injustice
when voices are discredited or excluded from knowledge making
ethical imperative of epistemic injustice
recognize plural epistemologies of health
without epistemic justice
moral failure of representation and respect
why is defining health an ethical act
shapes rights, duties, power
care meaning
action, disposition, moral stance toward vulnerability
- more than emotion, practise of attention and responsibility
- response to need
- to interdependence
Gilligan’s view on care
moral reasoning grounded in relationships, not rules
Toronto’s view on care
- care as political and ethical framework
1. attentiveness
2. responsibility
3. competence
4. responsiveness
moral labour and burnout
- compassion and empathy are finite
- burnout = ethical exhaustion
care ethics demands
- recognition
- reciprocity
- responsibility
health without care is
dehumanization
care without health is
moral overload
relational justice
- integrate care and structure
- fairness in relationships, not abstraction
health justice
- distributive
- relational
- procedural fairness
moral repair
restore trust through recognition and responsiveness
