1
Q
Achievement motivation
A
- A desire to excel or outperform others
2
Q
Affiliation
A
- Being associated with other people
3
Q
Anorexia nervosa
A
- An eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of unually low body weight and a distorted body image
4
Q
Appraisals
A
- The detection and assessement of stimuli that are relevent to personal well-being
5
Q
binge-eating disorder
A
- An eating disorder characterized by eating abnormally large amounts of food in one sitting and feeling that eating is out of control, without compensatory behaviors such as induced vomiting or the use of laxatives
6
Q
Body mass indicator (BMI)
A
- A height-to-weight ratio used to identify healthy weight, underweight, overweight and obesity
7
Q
Bulimia nervosa
A
- An eating disorder characterized by bingeing, purging, and feeling disgust, depression, and lost control
8
Q
Cannon-bard theory
A
- A heory of emotion featuring the simultaneous and independant occurance of physical sensations and subjective feelings during an emotional experience
9
Q
Display rules
A
- A cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should display an emotions
10
Q
Drive
A
- Astate of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival
11
Q
Drive reduction
A
- The state of relief and reward produced by removing the tension and arousal of the drive state
12
Q
Emotion
A
- A combination of arousal, physical sensations, and subjective feelings that occurs spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli
13
Q
Estrogen
A
- The primary female sex hormone
14
Q
Extrinsic rewards
A
- A reward from an outside source
15
Q
Homeostatis
A
- A steady internal balance, or equilibrium
16
Q
Incentives
A
- A reward that pulls an organism’s behavior in a particular direction
17
Q
Insula
A
- Regions of cortex located at the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes
18
Q
Intrinsic rewards
A
- A reward that arises internally
19
Q
James-Lange theory
A
- A theory of emotion that proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings
20
Q
Leptin
A
- A hormone secreted by fat cells that helps the body maintain an appropriate level of stored fat
21
Q
Motivation
A
- A process that arouses, maintains, and guides behavior toward a goal
22
Q
Satiety
A
- A sense of feeling full and not requiring further food
23
Q
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
A
- A theory of emotion in which general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn leads to subjective feelings
24
Q
Self-actualization
A
- A state of having fulfilled your potential
25
Set points
- A value that is defended to maintain homeostatis
26
SAME somatovisceral afference model of emotion
- A model of emotion in which a range of physical sensations from precise to general requires varying degrees of cognitive processing prior to subjective feelings
27
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- A description of the relationships among task complexity, arousal and performance
28
Facial feedback hypothesis
- Most of us answer that the state comes first and the expression follows, But there is some evidence that the opposite is also true
- The facial feedback hypothesis holds that emotional facial expressions can change an individual’s emotional experience
29
Deceptive emotional expression
- There are many ways to determine whether facial expressions are real or not
Morphology
= Certain facial muscles are resistant to conscious change (the reliable muscles)
Symmetry
= Asymmetric facial gestures are often insincere
Duration
= Sincere facial gestures last between 0.5 s and 5 s
Onsets and offsets
= Sincere facial gestures appear and disappear gradually rather than suddenly
- There are many reasons for which we may want to hide or change our emotions
We have various strategies for doing so:
= Intensification
= De-intensification
= Masking
= Neutralizing
30
Emotional regulation
As adults, we are quite good at regulating our emotions in many ways
= But it’s a complex task
= There are a lot of factors to deal with while regulating emotion
- Internal feeling states (how we feel)
- Emotion-related cognitions
- Emotion-related physiological processes
- Emotion-related behaviour
= The more emotional we are (particularly for certain emotions), the harder they are to control
31
Emotional regulation throughout the lifespan
Emotional regulation involves both innate and learned strategies
For the first 6 months:
= Most regulation comes from the parents
= Some basic gaze aversion occurs
After 6 months, more learned self-regulation appears:
= Self-soothing
= Increased gaze aversion
= Locomotion (moving away from negative stimuli)
32
Emotional regulation
What emotional regulation strategies are there in adulthood?
= Distraction
= Suppression
= Affect labelling
= Re-appraisal
Changing the way one thinks about the emotion-inducing stimulus
Different individuals use different strategies
33
Motivation info
One of the primary ways in which emotion changes our actions is by giving us information about an object, event, or individual
Emotion also provides us with instructions on what to do with that new information that we receive
= Even so-called “rational decisions” are emotional ones
Brain damage to emotional regions of the brain (e.g., the amygdala) can cause difficulty making decisions
Motivation is the psychological reason for producing an action, primarily driven by emotion
= Ancient philosophers (including Plato and Aristotle) believed that human motivation is centred on the hedonic principle
All motivation extends from attraction to pleasure and avoidance of pain
= According to this principle, our primary motivator for everything we do is ultimately pleasure
We can trace even unpleasant activities to this pleasure goal
34
Needs hierarchy
The hedonic principle explains human motivation at a basic level
But human motivation becomes more complex
One framework for understanding this complexity: Maslow’s needs hierarchy
35
Biological needs (e.g., food and sex)
Humans share with other animals the basic needs for nutrition and sex
= These are at the bottom of the needs hierarchy and generally must be satisfied before other needs are even noticed
These needs are technically called drives
We satisfy these drives with incentives
Food
= Drive = hunger, incentive = food
= Sex
= Drive = reproduction, incentive = sex
36
Other human motivations
Another way of understanding motivation is via three psychological dimensions:
= Intrinsic vs. extrinsic
= Conscious vs. unconscious
= Approach vs. avoidance
37
Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation—a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
= Examples?
Extrinsic motivation—a motivation to take actions that (eventually) lead to a separate reward
= This reward is often social or monetary
= Examples?
Extrinsic motivation tends to be relatively weak in early childhood and among non-human animals
38
Approach vs. avoidance
Approach motivation
= Motivation to experience a positive outcome
Avoidance motivation
= Motivation to not experience a negative outcome
Which is stronger?
= Usually avoidance
But the relative strength of avoidance and approach motivations differs across individuals
PSYA02
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