PSYC 215 > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

(65 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

what are stereotypes? expand

A

associations
w/ groups of ppl

positive or negative or neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is prejudice?

A

negative judgements of groups of ppl
judice = judgement
range of judgements (different extent)
could be adaptive + useful (dehumanise outgroup = easier to kill and survive and reproduce)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is discrimination?

A

BEHAVIOURS or differential treatment of groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the origin of racism?

A

ancestors (hunter/gatherer society, slow moving) did not encounter outgroups
outsiders (other tribes) viewed as dangerous (disease, steal resources, kill men, take women

hence, appearance-based signs of otherness used to identify danger (identification of identity), trigerring own-group favoritism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

true or false; race is a social construct?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a social construct?

A

smth seen as powerful by society; agreed on its importance
ex. money

not universal ground truth + changes over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

intergroup conflict experimental set up + results

A

boys summer camp
1. ingroup formation; create 2 groups with different identities + bonding activities + isolation
2. friction; bring 2 groups together + engage in competition -> hostility (trying to destroy other team
3. integration; difficult, requires superordinate goals -> very friendly w/ eachother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the realistic conflict theory?

A

direct competition breeds hostility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the theories of intergroup conflict?

A

realistic conflict theory
relative deprivation theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the relative deprivation theory?

A

PERCEIVED resource DISPARITIES => conflict (even if not actual/absolute)
resource can be physical (food) or non-physical (group status)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

true or false; group status contribute to our self esteem?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the minimal group paradigm?

A

make a person part of minimal group (ex. over or underestimator) - made up, not existing stereotype or bias

even though randomly assigned over/underestimator trait, ppl will show ingroup favoritism (give money, treat favorably, more convos, easier to engage w/)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is social identity theory about?

A

about GROUP MEMBERSHIP
not race, religion, politics, ideologies

humans are tribal/groupy - conflict occurs between

except for sexism - special

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what theory and paradigm supports that there could be a blond vs brunette war?

A

social identity theory and minimal group paradigm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is explicit prejudice? how measured?

A

CONCIOUS (know/aware) & DELIBERATE

self-report

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is old-fashioned racism?

A

blacks vs whites
extent to which agree/disagree w/ statements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is modern racism?

A

80s
subtler statements (compared to old-fashioned)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

do ppl w/ explicit prejudice express strong preference for ingroup?

A

no, more express slight preference - only for whites
minority groups living in majority outgroup have stronger preference for ingroup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why do levels of bias decrease over time (esp. 70s,80s)? what did this lead to?

A

ppl lying (subconciously mostly) bcuz of taboo topics

no longer trusting self reports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the Implicit Association Test (IAT)?

A

used to measure implicit bias

test used for difficult-to-control associations between groups and positivity/negativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how reliable is IAT?

A

not very - noisy measure
+ low test-retest reliability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is spreading activation?

A

concepts may be tightly or loosely linked in our minds based on physical location of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how can implicit bias be measured?

A

anything but self-report
IAT
reaction times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is social categorization? consequence?

A

slicing ppl into groups to which broad info generally applies
is adaptive (vs treating every individual as unique and distinctive and making entirely new decisions every time)

overestimate differences BETWEEN groups and underestimate differences WITHIN groups. in reality, more differences within group than between groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the outgroup homogeneity effect? why occurs?
related to social categorization "all individuals of outgroups are the same, but there are differences among us"; greater similarity (appearance+personal attributes) of outgroup than ingroup could be adaptive for intergroup conflict + less contact = less opportunity to know nuance so generalise = have less info available
26
what does the outgroup homogeneity effect rely on?
stereotypes
27
what are schemas?
ways of organising info
28
what are stereotypes?
schemas for social groups quick + convenient summaries of groups
29
true or false; stereotypes have basis in truth? expand
true, then EXAGGERATED and can persist long after initial truth has changed (bcuz actually changes or content changes)
30
when do problems w/ stereotypes arise?
when overrely on them (especially when can form individuated impressions)
31
can stereotypes persist longer bcuz of confirmation bias?
ues
32
what happens when ppl find stereotype-CONFIRMING behaviour?
say that its because of the group they belong to intrinsic explanation (since part of group)
33
what happens when ppl find stereotype-DISconfirming behaviour?
attribute to person, form subtype, allowing stereotype to remain the same - don't update stereotype extrinsic (situational) explanation
34
what is the role of the self-fulfilling prophecy in stereotypes?
can be based on stereotypes ex. black boys more likely sent to detention for behaviour
35
36
where do stereotypes come from?
learned from media, circle of influence (friends, parents, etc)
37
can stereotypes have positive influence?
yes, can convey positive norms
38
what is the stereotype content model?
many different stereotypes, but overlapping dimensions: warmth (in competition or not) and competence (group social status) will act towards ppl of different stereotypes the same if fall in same dimension
39
can we stop stereotype activation?
no, automatic processing of info in environment functional - necessary yet has unintended consequences can stop ACTing on stereotypes
40
what are the 2 types of motivations to suppress prejudice/stereotypes?
internal - egalitarian beliefs, don't want to BE prejudiced external - social desirability concerns, don't want to LOOK prejudiced
41
what is the denominator problem?
# relative to population need to find optimal way to adjust metric for statistics either # relative to crime or# relative to population
42
what is important to remember about bias?
bias looks at difference only not direction standing so bias could be due to ingroup favoritism or outgroup derogation though, most bias is ingroup favoritism + not caring about outgroup (dont want to HURT OUTgroup but prefer to HELP INgroup + only help outgroup if directly asks for it)
43
when do biases manifest?
in ambiguous situations w/ no social script / clear norm
44
what is aversive racism? experimental ex.?
acting prejudiced when safe and in socially acceptable or ambiguous situation where behaviour can be attributed to smth other than racism often implicit (don't know) could be driven by slight anxiety or uncomfortability more than hatred (for mundane behaviour) hiring black and whites of strong /medium/weak qualifications. greatest disparity in medium qualifications bcuz ambiguous
45
why can interracial interactions be exhausting? result?
ppl self-monitor to avoid appearing prejudiced ppl avoid interactions due to fear/anxiety; may leave interaction sooner (as adaptive strategy)
46
why does sexism operate differently to other prejudices?
ppl more in contact with opposite sex (in all groups) stereotypes of women more + but no valued in many areas (ex. business, law, medicine)
47
what is hostile sexism?
negative, resentful feelings (incompetent, unintelligent, over emotional, etc) about women's abilities from man pov
48
what is benevolent sexism?
affectionate + chivalrous feelings founded on belief that women need and deserve protection bcuz weaker seemingly positive but implies negative attributes can be both men and women
49
how do women react to benevolent vs hostile sexism?
more likely to protest against hostile sexism than benevolent
50
true or false; countries w/ higher levels of benevolent sexism have greater gender disparities at all levels?
true
51
can women be perceived as warm and competent?
no, either or / tradeoff warm + incompetent or cold + competent men can be perceived as both
52
what is the glass clif?
women more likely to be hired at high positions in situations of turmoil when fails, women blamed, renforcing stereotypes
53
what are real world consequences of prejudice?
health, work outcomes, killing/arrests, adoption, interracial marriage
54
what is a stereotype threat?
fear of acting in a manner consistent w/ stereotypes
55
what is a consequence of stereotyping?
performance reduced because scared to drive stereotype threat; becomes self-fulfilling prophecy. especially for those who rlly care about activity
56
Asian women stereotype threat experimental ex.?
women stereotype: bad at math asian stereotype: good at math asian women primed to think of gender (ex. tick gender) did worse than when primed to think of ethnicity
57
natural athletic abilities vs sports intelligence test description blacks vs white experiment result?
sports intelligence = whites do better natural athletic ability = blacks do better
58
how does stereotype threat work? to note?
increases anxiety, interfering w/ thinking + coordination stereotype though surpression focus on failure > success some failed, some successful replications. likely small effect, not huge disparity
59
how can stereotypes be fixed?
contact hypothesis
60
what is the contact hypothesis?
simple, regular contact will reduce stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination to make ppl think that 'outgroup is just like us' different effectiveness depending on closeness best to worst: romantic partner, best friend, friend, friend of friend. better quality of contact = more effective
61
when does the contact hypothesis work better?
equal status between groups 1 on 1 interations cooperative activities w/ superordinate goals social norms favor contact when interaction anxiety is reduced when outgroup homogeneity is reduced = more knowledgeable when extrinsic attributions are applied
62
why is the contact hypothesis hard to apply?
self-segregation towards ideologies
63
is implicit bias training effective?
no, doesn't work we are bad at training out implicit bias probably only used for legal protection tackles awareness (by teaching) but not change
64
how can bias be reduced?
change processes and structures difficult to do at individual level
65
PSYC 215
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions