1
Q
which terrestrial (land) plants appear first
A
nonvascular plants,
vascular plants,
gymnosperms,
flowering
2
Q
what do phylogenetic trees (aka, cladograms) represent
A
the lines represent time
the nodes are the common ancestors
the tips are taxa
3
Q
what is a monophyletic group
A
a group of species that come from the same ancestor
4
Q
what major plant group has the most described species
A
angiosperms are 88% of plants
5
Q
how are land plants related to algae
A
plants that live on land formed from algae
6
Q
four major adaptations in land plants
A
primitive roots
vascular tissue
seeds and pollen
flowers
7
Q
what are primitive roots
A
ability to live on land
non vascular plants
8
Q
what is vascular tissue
A
(xylem and phloem)
seedless plants
9
Q
four major groups of land plants
A
non vascular plants (hornworts, liverworts, mosses)
seedless vascular plants (ferns and friends)
gymnosperms
angiosperms (flowering plants)
10
Q
non vascular plants characteristics
A
non vascular
seedless
roots dont absorb water
very small
11
Q
non vascular plant example
A
moss and peat moss
12
Q
nonvascular plant body (label)
A
(look at pic)
capsule
stalk
sporophyte
gametophyte
rhizoid (anchors but doesn’t absorb water)
- stem and leaves: lack vascular tissue
- water transport is outside of stem via capillary action (no xylem)
- sugar transport happens slowly between ground tissue cells (no phloem)
13
Q
how do non vascular plants reproduce
A
thru spores
14
Q
how do seedless vascular plants reproduce
A
thru spores
15
Q
what are the two types of seedless vascular plants
A
ferns
lycophytes
16
Q
how do ferns make more ferns?
A
sexual and asexual reproduction
17
Q
which fern life form performs sexual reproduction
A
gametophyte generation
18
Q
which fern life form performs asexual reproduction
A
sporophyte and gametophyte generation
19
Q
what do gymnosperms make
A
exposed seeds
20
Q
three types of gymnosperms
A
cycads
ginkgos
conifers
21
Q
cycads
A
all dioecious (males and females)
large cones
22
Q
which ginkgos seed smell really bad
A
female be they produce butyric acid
23
Q
what are conifers
A
pines, redwoods, cedars, etc
24
Q
what do angiosperms produce
A
seeds inside fruit
flowers!
25
what was the timeline of plants
algea
to non vascular
to vascular
to gymnosperms
to angiosperms
26
what is a herbarium
preserves and organizes pressed and dried plant specimens for research, education, and conservation
27
leaves functions
photosynthesis
regulate water loss
specialized functions
28
what are the specialized functions of leaves
storage
protection
attracting pollinators
asexual propagation
climbing
28
when and where are leaves formed
apical meristem forms leaf primordia and axillary bud during primary growth
29
immature leaves are called
leaf primordia
30
morphology of a leaf
blade
petiole
stipules (appendages at the base of the petiole)
31
how can stipules be modfied
some become sharp
some become like leaves (with no petiole)
some are bigger leaves that wrap around stem
figs
acacia stipules - prevent herbivores from eating plants
- symbiotic relationship w ants
32
diff types of leaf margins
smooth (entire) and toothed
33
what does a compound leaf mean
blade is divided into leaflets
34
know what pinnately lobed looks like
35
palmate vs palmately compound
palmate has one leaf
palmately compound has 5 diff leaves
36
how to tell difference between leaf and leaflet
see if there is axillary bud
37
internal leaf components
epidermis
mesophyll
stomata
vascular bundles
38
epidermis
thick cuticle
- stomata in the lower epidermis
39
mesophyll
two types - palaside (outer) and spongy (inner)
- chloroplasts (ground tissue has the chloroplasts - where photosynthesis occurs and sugar is made)
40
stomata
gas exchange
plant takes in CO2 and releases oxygen for photosynthesis
41
vascular bundles
parallel to outer layer
xylem and phloem tissue
42
modified leaves
tendrils
succulent
spines
bracts
drip tips on tropical leaves
carnivorous
43
tendrils (modified leaves)
- oxin regulates the twirling of these twines
- helps support stems, climbs other plants or structures
44
succulent (modified leaves)
- leaves store water for possible future use in photosynthesis
45
spines (modified leaves)
- blade like leaves made from sclerenchyma tissue
- provide protection against herbivores
46
bracts (modified leaves)
- the "leaves" below the actual leaves
- protects flower in developing bud stage
- helps attract pollinators
47
drip tips (modified leaves)
- helps drain water away from blade of leaf
- commonly in tropics
- prevents water from collecting sun and burning leaf
48
carnivorous (modified leaves)
- insect trapping
49
what are the carpels vs the pistils
the pistil is the main bottom piece
the carpels are the long things
50
where is the ovule and what is it
in the ovary
- its the tiny circles within the ovary
it is an unfertilized seed
51
what is the ovary
the whole area (mostly ovule)
52
what is the style
the stem connecting stigma to ovary
53
what is the stigma
the very tip of the style
54
what is the carpel/pistil made out of
ovary
style
stigma
55
what is the anther
the part of the stamen that holds the pollen
56
what is the pedicel
stalk that connects the individual flower or fruit to the main stem of a plant
57
what is the receptacle
the thickened part of a flower stalk where floral organs are attached
- sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils
58
what are the sepals
covers flower when it hasnt bloomed yet
59
what is the calyx
made of many sepals
- protects flower
- often green
- think of a rose
60
what do the petals do
attract pollinators using their shape, color, scent
61
what is a corolla
term for all of the petals on a flower
62
what is a filament
the stalk of the stamen
- has the anther on the end
63
what is the male part of the flower
stamen
64
what is the female part of a flower
pistil
65
in an ovary cross section of a kiwi, what are the 5 sections
carpels
66
superior ovary
ovary attached at the base
nothing else attached to it
67
inferior ovary
ovary enclosed by receptacle tissue
68
billateral symmetry
- symmetrical like humans
- some start resembling their pollinators
69
incomplete flowers
pistillate - FEMALE - flower only has pistil, no male parts
staminate - MALE - flower only has stamens, no female parts
70
three types of plant sex
synoecious - female and male parts are mixed within one flower
monoecious - both stamens and pistils in one flower
dioecious - plants are either male or female
71
inflorescence
cluster of flowers in a specific arrangement
- ex. sunflower, corpse flower
72
pollination types
wind
bee
bird
bat
fly
73
where does pollination occur
- sperm goes on stigma
- forms pollen tubes down to style until reaches ovule
- sperm goes into ovule to fertilize
74
pollination vs fertilization
pollination - transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
fertilization - what happens after pollination, fusion of female and male gametes
75
the ovary wall, or pericarp, develops into the...
fruit
76
ovules develop into...
seeds
77
what are the three main parts of seeds
- seed coat (covering)
- embryo (baby plant)
- endosperm (stored nutrients)
78
what is a good way to remember the three main parts of seed
baby in a box with its lunch
79
what is a seed good for?
- storing energy
- seed coat protects the seed
- they have such slow metabolic rate they can be almost inactive for decades
80
what is permifrost
defrost frozen seed from way long ago and its still good
81
what develops from flowers
fruits
82
what is a fruit
swollen enlarged portion of the ovary with seeds in them
83
think of the ovary position of a tomato... what are the parts
ovary is the outer layer
pericarp is just inside the skin of the tomato
the seeds are where the seeds are
84
what are simple fruits
develops from a single flower with one carpel or fused carpels
- like tomato
85
when fruit become ripe, what changes occur
softening, sweetening, and developing vibrant colors
86
why does the fruit become sweet and ripe
enzymes break down cell walls (making fruit soft) and it converts starches into sugars (making it sweet)
87
types of simple fruit
fleshy fruit and dry fruit
88
types of fleshy fruit
drupe
pome
berry
89
types of dry fruit
indehiscent (achene)
dehiscent (legume)
90
an exploding cucumber is what type of fruit
dehiscent
91
what is a drupe
- most stone fruits
- has pericarp
92
what is a pome
- fleshy fruit with interior ovary
- pericarp is buried within fleshy receptical
93
what is a berry
simple fleshy fruit coming from flower with one or many seeds inside ovary
94
what is an indehiscent fruit
a dry fruit that remains closed at maturity
ACHENE
- basically the fruit is the whole seed and you crack it to open
- ex. sunflower seeds
95
what is an dehiscent fruit
a dry fruit that breaks open at maturity
LEGUME
- raw beans (most of them are toxic if eaten dry)
- we harvest legumes before maturity (like green beans and snap peas)
96
example of drupe
- mango
- almonds
- coconut: the green outside is exocarp, thhe hairy part is endocarp
97
example of pome
- apple
- pear
98
example of berry
- blueberry
- cucumber
- bell pepper
- tomato
99
example of an indehiscent fruit
sunflower seeds
100
example of dehiscent fruit
- green beans
- snap peas
101
what are aggregate fruits
- develops from a single flower with multiple unfused carpels
- the outer bubbles of these fruits (like raspberries) are the stigma
- blackberry (tiny individual fruitlets)
- strawberry (dome shaped receptacle gets really large)
102
what are multiple fruits
- pineapples
- fruit coming from many flowers
- jackfruit (the outside are the individual flowers)
103
what is the fig genus
ficus spp.
104
what is the name for the edible fig
ficus carica
105
figs are keystone species in...
tropical ecosystems
106
fig leaves
leaves are evergreen and have a smooth edge (entire)
107
what can cause dermatitis in figs
ficin and psoralen
108
fig latex
white or yellowish sap
- if stem is broken, white sap comes out
- ficin and psoralen cause dermatitis
109
fig stipules
paired stipules (form ringed scars around each node)
110
fig cauliflory
stem flowering
111
fig aerial roots
roots grow downwards from the branches to support the tree
112
hemiepiphytic (stranglers)
- some figs begin life as epiphytes (plants that live on other plants)
- seeds deposited in canopy of tree
- starts to grow downwards and then basically suffocates the tree
- blocks secondary growth, steals nutrients
- once tree dies, it forms hollow cylinder where you can stand
113
ficus synconium
hollow stem with internal cavity lined with flowers
114
ficus ostiole
hole at the end
- where wasps crawl in (one way entrance)
115
ficus wasp pollination
each fig has specific wasp species
- female crawls into fig
- her wings and antennas are ripped off
- she lays her egg
- female dies
- baby wasps hatch and males mate with the females
- male chews hole to outside of fig and then dies
- pregnant females leave and carry pollen from the syncomium where she was born
116
fig style length variation
the style is super long in the ficus carica
117
polar
unequal charge
118
adhesive
sticks to other molecules
119
cohesive
sticks to their same type of molecule
120
diffusion
movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration
- driven by random movement of molecules
- after some time, a state of equilibrium is reached
121
osmosis
passive diffusion of water thru a semi-permeable membrane (like plasma membrane or vacuole membrane)
122
cell in salt solution
same rate of water moving in and out of cell
123
cell in pure water
the cell takes in water
- plant cell is very good at holding water
- if it expands too much it will explode and it wont work
124
tugor pressure
pressure exerted against the cell wall as a result of water entering the cell
125
plasmolysis
cells lose water and become "flaccid"
126
how does water get up to the top of trees
- root hairs absorb water from soil by diffusion
- high concentration in soil -> water goes into xylem tissue
- water moves from epidermis to cortex, epidermis, pericycle, and into xylem tissue
- movement can happen
127
what is transpiration
the process where plants absorb water through their roots and then release it into the atmosphere as vapor through tiny pores in their leaves called stomata
- potassium ions pumped into guard cells, vacuoles swell w water
- stomata close when K+ is pumped out of guard cell, vacuoles shrink
128
where does transpiration happen
in the epidermis
- occurs when stomata are open
129
trade off of having open stomata
the balance between photosynthesis and water loss
130
what do guard cells do
control the opening and closing of the stomata
- they are the cells that are taking in or loosing the water that actually open the holes of stomata
131
what causes the opening of stomata
potassium ions go into guard cells
- water follows the potassium
vacuole swells with water
stomata opens
132
what causes the closing of stomata
potassium ions leave the cells
- water follows the potassium
water also leaves the cells
stomata closes
133
when are stomata most likely to close
- when its dark (like night)
- high CO2 in the plant
- low water in cells
- high temp
134
The Cohesion Tension Theory
explains how water moves through plants, primarily via the xylem, through a combination of water's cohesive properties and the tension created by transpiration
135
three parts of the cohesion tension theory
1. transpiration and the cohesion of water causes an upward pull of water from:
roots->stem->leaves->atmosphere
2. the adhesion of water to cell walls of xylem cells also helps resist gravity (but also increases friction)
3. a plants xylem tissue is completely filled with water at all times (continuous water column)
136
xylem damage
- cells collapse when too much tension is placed on a water column
- air bubbles form inside cells and if cells leak air or if water freezes and then thaws -> cells no longer conduct water
137
what size of cells are stronger
small cells are stronger
- vessels are connected like pipes and if one fails, they all fail
138
limit to tree height
425 ft
139
what is phloem in charge of
translocation
140
phloem cell types
sieve tube member
companion cells
fibers
parenchyma
141
sieve tube members
long tubular cells with sieve plates in the walls, arranged end to end, alive but lacking nucleus
142
companion cells
help sieve tube members function
143
role of aphids
they are little animals that eat sap and excrete honeydew
- ants eat the honeydew
- in return... ants protect the aphids
144
sources vs sink
source - leaves
sink - flowers and roots
145
where is sugar made
the source
- the leaves
146
what is the connection between sources and sinks
translocation
147
where is sugar used up
the sinks
- flowers, roots, and fruit
148
where is sugar stored
the sinks
- like roots and developing flowers
149
passive transport
no atp needed
- concentration gradient
- facilitated diffusion
- lipid bilayer diffusion
150
active transport
must have some energy to use for transport
151
what is polymer trap mechanism
a type of active transport
- sucrose accumulates inside leaf mesophyll cells and is transported into companion cells via diffusion
- sucrose is polymerized into heavier sugars
- heavier sugar is unable to diffuse back into mesophyll, concentration builds up, diffuses into sieve tube members
152
5 steps of The Pressure-Flow/Bulk Flow Hypothesis
1. sugars are produced in the leaves (photosynthesis)
2. phloem loading begins... sugar is transported into companion cells via active transport or polymer trap mechanism
3. water moves passively into sieve tube member from xylem by osmosis
4. high turgor pressure causes pressure-flow
5. sugar actively unloaded at sink (root or flower)
General Botany
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