middle French word which means “the act of searching closely.”
researchě
according to them, research is a systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned.
Leedy & Ormrod (2013)
defined research as a systematic and objective creation of knowledge
Creswell (2013)
Scientific Method in Research
• Empirical Approach
• Observation
• Question
• Hypothesis / Hypotheses
• Experiment
• Analyses
• Conclusion
• Replication
the real-world data, metrics and results
empirical approach
Your awareness of your environment constitutes your ideas.
observation
it must be answered through scientific investigation and must generate tangible proof
question
An educated guess, an attempt to explain a phenomena. Once formulated, it should help you formulate a prediction.
hypothesis / Hypotheses
The given hypothesis should assure testability in a crafted condition for accuracy and reliability of results.
experiment
For findings to be reliable, the data gathered are subjected for analysis through statistical methods.
Analyses
The process of making interferences involves concrete data to rule out opinions.
conclusion
Doing the same study once again to a different set of participants to test the soundness of the obtained result.
replication
Importance of research
• Knowledge is establish
• improve practice
• inform and contributes to policies
• solve problems, perceptions are corrected, present solution are tested for effectivity
major approaches used in research
• Qualitative
• Quantitative
aims to provide description of characteristics, kind, and quality of a subject, while interpreting and attempting to understand an event
Qualitative Research
tests hypotheses and makes predictions through measured amounts, and ultimately applied to interpret the numbers obtained from the data
quantitative research
Kinds of variables
• Independent variables
• Dependent variables
• controlled variables
• confounding or extraneous variables
• Categorical variables
• continuous variables
• quantitative variables
• qualitative variables
these are factors that may affect one’s observation
variables
are manipulated variables that causes a change in another variable. Usually, these are the treatments or conditions that produce a varied response or effect
independent variable
are those that are affected by independent variables. Simply put, they are the responses or effects that result from the treatment or conditions employed
dependent variables
these are variables that is kept the same throughout the experiment, and it is not of primary concern in the experimental outcome
controlled variables
these are variables that is kept the same throughout the experiment, and it is not of primary concern in the experimental outcome
controlled variables
these are variables that usually indicated in an experimental research
confounding or extraneous variables
These are variables that are not included in the study but in one way or another causes effect on the dependent variable
Confounding or extraneous variables
