Lesson 3

Question 1

It is the process of collecting, selecting, and reading books, journals, reports, abstracts, and other reference materials

Answer 1

review of related literature

Question 2

reasons why we review literature

Answer 2

• It enables the researcher to properly identify and operationally define study variables
• It can be a source of a theoretical basis for the study
• It prevents unnecessary duplication of a study
• It helps justify the need for studying a problem
• It helps the researcher identify and define a research problem

Question 3

Key section of chapter 2 or review of related literature

Answer 3

• Conceptual Literature
• Research Literature
• Synthesis
• Theoretical Framework
• Conceptual Framework
• Hypothesis
• Definition of Terms

Question 4

contains literature coming from books, journalism, and other forms of material, concerning or relevant to the study

Answer 4

conceptual literature

Question 5

is empirically – based, like scientific paper, theses, and dissertations, both published and unpublished, coming from local and foreign sources.

Answer 5

research literature

Question 6

it elaborates on the ideas and concepts learned and its relevance to the present work

Answer 6

synthesis

Question 7

it points out similarities and differences between the previous and current research and justify the need for the investigation.

Answer 7

synthesis

Question 8

summarizes the literatures that have been mentioned

Answer 8

synthesis

Question 9

it discusses the similarities and differences of the present study to those studies gathered from theses and dissertations

Answer 9

synthesis

Question 10

it becomes the central theme, the focus, the main thrust of the study and serves as a guide in conducting investigation.

Answer 10

conceptual framework

Question 11

is a diagrammatic representation of a conceptual framework

Answer 11

paradigm

Question 12

depicts in a more vivid way what the conceptual framework wants to convey

Answer 12

paradigm

Question 13

illustrates concepts and process of the research

Answer 13

paradigm

Question 14

presents all variables under investigation and can take in the form of Independent-Dependent variable format

Answer 14

paradigm

Question 15

is the foundation of the research study

Answer 15

theoretical framework

Question 16

refers to highly related theories and principles that were established and proven by authorities

Answer 16

theoretical framework

Question 17

discusses the theory on which the current investigation is based

Answer 17

theoretical framework

Question 18

explains the direction of the study or the researchers own position on the problem

Answer 18

conceptual framework

Question 19

is a wise guess that is formulated and temporarily adopted to explain the observed facts covered by the study

Answer 19

hypothesis

Question 20

It helps the researchers to provide the format for the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data

Answer 20

hypothesis

Question 21

types of hypothesis

Answer 21

• null hypothesis
• alternative hypothesis

Question 22

stated in a negative, declarative sentence form which states a denial of an existence of an attribute, a relationship, a difference or effect

Answer 22

null hypothesis

Question 23

stated in a positive declarative form which states an affirmation of the existence of an observed phenomenon

Answer 23

alternative hypothesis

Question 24

it includes only terms, words, or phrases which have special or unique meanings in the study are defined, it should be brief, clear, and unequivocal as possible.

Answer 24

definition of terms

Question 25

2 ways to define a word or term

Answer 25

• conceptual • operational

Question 26

More formal and mostly abstract definition which is based on concepts or hypothetic ones given by books or any references

Answer 26

conceptual definition

Question 27

Define the term based on its observable characteristics and the way it is used in the study by the researcher

Answer 27

operational definition

Question 28

Define the term based on its observable characteristics and the way it is used in the study by the researcher

Answer 28

operational definition

Question 29

explains the overall process of the investigation

Answer 29

research methodology

Question 30

explains the overall process of the investigation

Answer 30

research methodology

Question 31

discusses particularly the methods and techniques employed in identifying the respondents and in constructing the research instrument

Answer 31

research methodology

Question 32

elaborates on the validation and data analysis scheme, which includes the application of statistical tools for treatment of the data collected by the study

Answer 32

research methodology

Question 33

key section of chapter 3

Answer 33

• Research Design • Subject of the Study • Research Instrument • Data Gathering Procedure • Statistical Treatment of Data

Question 34

The researcher chooses the most appropriate to present the study, this has to be supported by a citation of the brief description of the design

Answer 34

research design

Question 35

This section comprises the discussion on how and where the subjects will be taken from

Answer 35

subject of the study

Question 36

It can either be the total population or a sample if population size is large

Answer 36

subject of the study

Question 37

what is included in subject of the study?

Answer 37

• the respondents or subjects and their background • total population • manner of selecting respondents/subjects from total population (sampling method) • breakdown of the selected population (optional)

Question 38

the collection of the elements which has some or the other characteristic in common

Answer 38

population

Question 39

Number of elements in the population is the size of the population

Answer 39

population

Question 40

the subset of the population

Answer 40

sample

Question 41

Number of elements in the sample

Answer 41

sample size

Question 42

The process of selecting a sample

Answer 42

sampling

Question 43

sampling methods

Answer 43

• probability sampling • non-probability sampling

Question 44

uses randomization to make sure that every element of the population gets an equal chance to be part of the selected sample

Answer 44

probability sampling

Question 45

It’s alternatively known as random sampling

Answer 45

probability sampling

Question 46

Every element has an equal chance of getting selected to be the part sample. It is used when we don’t have any kind of prior information about the target population

Answer 46

simple random sampling

Question 47

it is used to calculate the sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin of error (e), it's a random sampling technique formula to estimate sampling size

Answer 47

Slovin's Formula

Question 48

examples of probability sampling

Answer 48

• Simple random sampling • stratified sampling • cluster sampling • systematic sampling

Question 49

This technique divides the elements of the population into small subgroups (strata) based on the similarity in such a way that the elements within the group are homogeneous and heterogeneous among the other subgroups formed. Then the elements are randomly selected from each of these strata. We need to have prior information about the population to create subgroups.

Answer 49

stratified sampling

Question 50

The entire population is divided into sections and then are randomly selected.

Answer 50

cluster sampling

Question 51

All the elements of the section are used for sampling, can be identified using details such as age, sex, location etc.

Answer 51

cluster sampling

Question 52

Here the selection of elements is systematic and not random except the first element.

Answer 52

systematic sampling

Question 53

Elements of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of population. All the elements are put together in a sequence first where each element has the equal chance of being selected.

Answer 53

systematic sampling

Question 54

Elements of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of population. All the elements are put together in a sequence first where each element has the equal chance of being selected.

Answer 54

systematic sampling

Question 55

Elements of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of population. All the elements are put together in a sequence first where each element has the equal chance of being selected.

Answer 55

systematic sampling

Question 56

Examples of non-probability sampling

Answer 56

• availability or convenience sampling • purposive sampling • quota sampling • referral / snowball sampling • voluntary sampling

Question 57

It does not rely on randomization. This is more reliant on the researcher’s ability to select elements for a sample

Answer 57

non-probability

Question 58

This type of sampling is also known as non-random sampling.

Answer 58

non-probability sampling

Question 59

This type of sampling is also known as non-random sampling.

Answer 59

non-probability sampling

Question 60

This method is used when the availability of sample is rare and also costly. So based on the convenience, samples are selected

Answer 60

availability or convenience sampling

Question 61

Here the samples are selected based on the availability

Answer 61

availability or convenience sampling

Question 62

This is based on the intention or the purpose of study. Only those elements will be selected from the population which suits the best for the purpose of our study.

Answer 62

purposive sampling

Question 63

This type of sampling depends of some pre-set standard.

Answer 63

quota sampling

Question 64

It selects the representative sample from the population. Proportion of characteristics/ trait in sample should be same as population.

Answer 64

quota sampling

Question 65

Elements are selected until exact proportions of certain types of data is obtained or sufficient data in different categories is collected.

Answer 65

quota sampling

Question 66

This technique is used in the situations where the population is completely unknown and rare.

Answer 66

referral / snowball sampling

Question 67

a sampling technique where participants self-select to become part of a study because they volunteer when asked, or respond to an advert.

Answer 67

voluntary sampling

Question 68

The part contains the discussion of the way of gathering data the is used in the study

Answer 68

data gathering instrument

Question 69

what is included in the part of data gathering instrument?

Answer 69

• instruments used • purpose of selecting the instrument • content of the instrument

Question 70

In this part, the researcher discusses the process of gathering the data.

Answer 70

data gathering procedure

Question 71

what is included in the part of data gathering procedure?

Answer 71

• approval of topic • formulation of research questions • checking, revising and rechecking of instrument • authorization on data gathering • administrating the instrument (gathering of data) • analysis of findings

Question 72

In this section, the statistical tools used in answering the specific research questions must be described as used in the present study.

Answer 72

statistical treatment of data

Question 73

what are included or methods in the statistical treatment of data?

Answer 73

• Frequency and Percentage Distribution • Mean • T-test • Analysis of variance • Pearson Product - Moment Correlation Coefficient • multiple correlation

Question 74

used to determine the percentage usually for data on profile(e.g. level, age, gender, etc.)

Answer 74

frequency and percentage distribution

Question 75

used to get average or central value (e.g. level, extent, status, etc.)

Answer 75

mean

Question 76

used to determine two (2) variable means which differ significantly or to test the significant difference between 2 variable means.

Answer 76

T-test

Question 77

used to find out if the frequency of two or more variables in the study differ significantly or test the significant difference among several groups

Answer 77

analysis of variance

Question 78

used to find the degree of the association of two sets of variables, X and Y or to test the significant relationship between the two variables

Answer 78

Pearson Product - Moment Correlation Coefficient

Question 79

used to test if the independent variables have influence on the dependent variables

Answer 79

Multiple correlation