1
Q
what are the two types of gonads
A
- testes
- ovaries
2
Q
testes
A
male respro system
3
Q
ovaries
A
female repro system
4
Q
male gonads produce
A
sperm and testosterone
5
Q
female gonads produce
A
ova (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone
6
Q
external male genitalia
A
- penis
- scrotum
7
Q
penis composed of
A
- 3 cylinders of erectile tissue
- 2 dorsal cylinders
- 1 ventricle cylinder that surrounds the penile urethra
8
Q
corpora cavernosa
A
2 dorsal cylinders of erectile tissue in the penis
9
Q
A
10
Q
corpus spongiosum
A
1 ventricle cylinder of erectile tissue in the penis
11
Q
2 major parts of the penis
A
- glans penis
- body of the penis
12
Q
glans penis
A
tip of the penis covered by prepuce
13
Q
prepuce aka
A
foreskin
14
Q
scrotum
A
- contains the testes
- regulates temp to optimize sperm production
15
Q
what is the temp of the scrotum
A
94°F/34°C
16
Q
the internal duct system of the male genitalia contains (4)
A
- epididymis
- ductus deferens/vas deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
17
Q
epididymis location and function
A
- superior and posterolateral area of the testes
- site where immature sperm cells complete maturation process
18
Q
vas deferens along with vessels and nerves are enclosed in what
A
spermatic cord
19
Q
spermatic cord
A
connective tissue sheath covering the vas deferens, vessels, and nerves
20
Q
vas deferens function
A
connects epididymis to ejaculatory duct in ampulla
21
Q
ejaculatory duct does what?
A
propels sperm through prostate gland to urethra during ejaculation
22
Q
urethra
A
runs length of penis and is the common path of both urinary and repro system
23
Q
three parts of the urethra
A
- prostatic
- intermediate (membranous)
- spongy
24
Q
accessory male repro glands (3)
A
- prostate gland
- seminal glands/vesicles
- bulbourethral glands
25
prostate glands function and location
- inferior to bladder
- encircles and secretes milky fluid into urethra to activate sperm
26
seminal glands location and function
- posterior to bladder
- joins vas deferens to form ejaculatory duct
- produces alkaline secretion containing fructose and other nutrients
27
what is the point of the seminal gland producing alkaline secretion?
supplied energy to sperm cells and promotes fertilization
28
_____ produces 60% of seminal fluid
seminal gland
29
bulbourethral gland location and function
- inferior to prostate
- produces thick, clear, alkaline mucus that drains into membranous urethra
30
what is the function of the secretion of the bulbourethral gland? What's in it?
- washes out urine during ejaculation of semen
- made of sperm and seminal fluid
31
testes externally covered by
tunica albuginea
32
what is within each lobule of the testes (2)
- seminiferous tubules
- rete testis
33
seminiferous tubules
- site of sperm production
- interstitial cells between tubules produce testosterone
34
rete testis
carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to epididymis
35
tunica albuginea is made of
dense connective tissue
36
major external female repro structure include
- vulva
- mammary glands
37
vulva includes
- mons pubis
- labia majora
- labia minora
38
mons pubis
overlies pubic symphysis
39
labia majora
homologous to scrotum in males
40
labia minora
encloses vestibule region of female genitalia
41
vestibule region contains
- clitoris
- urethral orifice
- vaginal orifice
42
clitoris
- homologous to penis in males
- covered by prepuce of the clitoris
43
urethral orifice
- part of urinary system
- separate from the reproductive system
44
vaginal orifice
external opening that leads into internal repro structures
45
internal repro structures of vaginal orifice
- hymen
- greater vestibular glands
46
hymen
thin fold of mucous membrane that closes vaginal opening
47
greater vestibular glands
flanks vaginal opening that produces lubricants during coitus
48
all female repro organs except ___ suspended by ligamentous folds of peritoneum
ovaries
49
broad ligaments (3)
- mesometrium
- mesosalpinx
- mesovarium
50
mesometrium
secures uterus
51
mesosalpinx
secures uterine tubes
52
mesovarium
anchors ovaries posteriorly
53
round ligaments
secures uterus to labia majora
54
uterosacral ligament
secure inferior uterus to the sacrum
55
ovarian ligaments
anchors ovaries to uterus supported by suspensory ligaments
56
suspensory ligaments
anchors ovaries laterally
57
organs of the female repro
- vagina
- uterus
- uterine/fallopian tubes
- ovaries
58
vagina
birth canal connecting vestibule to uterus
59
uterus
muscular organ located between bladder and rectum
60
uterine layers
- endometrium
- myometrium
- serosa
61
endometrium
interior layer composed of functional layer that is formed by basal layer
62
usual site of egg implantation and is discarded by menses
stratum functionalis (functional layer)
63
myometrium
muscular medial layer of uterus
64
serosa
protective outer layer
65
major structures of uterus
- cervix
- body
- fundus
66
cervix of uterus
inferior uterus
67
body of uterus
major portion of uterus
68
fundus of the uterus
superior uterus
69
fallopian tubes location and function
- superolateral region of uterus extending towards ovaries
- usual site of egg fertilization by sperm
70
three regions of the fallopian tubes
- fimbriae
- ampulla
- isthmus
71
fimbriae
- distal end of fallopian tube
- finger-like projection
72
ampulla of fallopian tube
widest and longest portion
73
isthmus
located medially and is narrow with thick-walled
74
ovaries
- site of female gamete development and estrogen production
- egg ejection during ovulation
75
egg development and estrogen both produced in
follicle
76
follicle forms ____ to produce progesterone and some estrogen
corpus luteum
77
mammary glands location
located anterior to pectoral muscles
78
growth of the mammary glands (starts when and by what)
growth starts in puberty caused by estrogen production
79
major external features of mammary glands
- areola
- nipple
80
major internal features of mammary glands
lobes
81
areola
pigmented area surrounding nipple
82
nipple
site of milk release in lactation
83
lobes
- 15-25 lobes composed of connective and fatty tissue
- lobes contain lobules containing milk-producing alveoli
84
milk formed in milk-producing alveoli passes through ____ and stored in _____
- lactiferous ducts
- lactiferous sinus
85
meiosis occurs in
gonads
86
sperm and egg genetically contain
- haploid complement (0.5 normal chromosome number)
- 23 chromosome
87
which chromosome pair is the sex chromosome
23
88
meiosis
- consists of 2 nuclear divisions
- yields four daughter cells
89
meiosis I steps
- chromosomes undergo semi-conservative replication in interphase
- synapsis
- 23 tetrads line up at equator and the homologous chromosomes can exchange genetic material with pair at points of crossover
- dyads move to opposite ends during anaphase
- cytokinesis occurs to yield 2 daughter cells after telophase
90
meiosis II major processes
- genetic material does not replicate in meiosis II
- each cell has only 1/2 chromosome
- each daughter cell from meiosis 1 forms 2 daughter cells
91
spermatogenesis
- starts at puberty
- occurs in seminiferous tubules of testes from spermatogonia
92
spermatogonia
under FSH influence during puberty produces primary spermatocytes, then undergoes meiosis to yield spermatids, then undergoes spermiogenesis to form functional sperm
93
oogenesis
- occurs in ovary
- influences by gonadotropic hormones from anterior pituitary
- begins with oogonia in developing female fetus
94
oogonia
- undergoes thousands of miotic divisions in fetal development
- become encapsulated by cells to form primordial follicles of ovaries
95
primary oocytes
by birth encapsulated oogonia grows into primary oocyte (arrested at prophase of meiosis I)
96
primary follicle in females at puberty
- formed as follicle grows around primary oocyte follicle cells produces estrogens
97
secondary follicle in females at puberty
- primary oocyte maturing
- estrogen produced feedback to stop gonadotropin release by anterior pituitary
98
vesicular (antral) follicle in female at puberty
- primary oocyte completes meiosis I producing secondary oocyte (arrested at metaphase II) and first polar body
- mature follicle releases secondary oocyte enclosed corona radiata when anterior pituitary suddenly increases LH released
- turns into corpus luteum
99
if LH levels drops
corpus luteum degenerates and replaced by scar tissue (corpus albicans)
100
upon sperm fertilization of the secondary oocyte what happens (2)
- meiosis II proceeds
- ovum (2n) and second polar body produced
101
menstrual cycle
controlled by ovary (estrogen/progesterone)
- occurs 14 days after ovulation
102
what are the three phases of the menstrual cycle
- menstrual (menses)
- proliferative
- secretory
103
menses of menstrual cycle
day 1-5 where functional layer of endometrium sloughs off and bleeding occurs
104
proliferative of menstrual cycle
day 6-14 where estrogen from growing follicle causes endometrium repair and glands and blood vessels proliferate and endometrium thicken
105
secretory of menstrual cycle
day 15-28 where corpus luteum progesterone causes increase glands and vascular supply in endometrium
106
if there is an embryo present in the secretory phase of menstrual cycle what will happen
embryo will produce LH to maintain corpus luteum
A&P 2 Lab
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